KETAMINE AS A SINGLE GENERAL ANESTHETIC AGENT FOR ORAL SURGICAL PROCEDURES IN WISTAR ALBINO RATS- AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY (original) (raw)
Related papers
The main objective of this study was to compare the effects of ketamine and xylazine in aging rats when coadministered intraperitoneally at high anesthetic doses. Three groups (n=6 rats/group) consisting of rats at 3, 6 and 12 months of age were used. During anesthesia, animals were monitored for heart rate, respiratory frequency, blood oxygen saturation, and rectal temperature. The corneal and paw withdrawal reflex were also examined during anesthesia. During anesthesia, withdrawal and corneal reflexes were absent for progressively longer durations with increasing age. Significant decreases in cardiac and respiratory frequency and, blood oxygen saturation occurred for the 6- and 12-month-old animals. Respiratory frequency and blood oxygen saturation returned to normal at the end of the anesthesia; however, the significant decrease in cardiac frequency persisted in the 6- and 12-month-old animals. Rectal temperature was decreased significantly only in the 3-month-old animals. Pulmonary edema and effusion occurred in 50% of the 12-month-old animals. In conclusion, if ketamine-xylazine are used for anesthesia, the doses should be optimized for the age of the subjects prior to initiation of the research project.
Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 2019
Marsh rice rats (Oryzomys palustris) are a well-established animal model for periodontitis. Rice rats have a marked susceptibility to a spontaneous form of generalized periodontitis that closely resembles the human disease, 1,3,20,22,23,36,47,48 and more recently, we described a distinctive, localized form of periodontitis in this species, which we defined as food impaction-induced localized periodontitis. 38 We used rice rats with both forms of periodontitis to develop 2 novel models of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw, 2,39 a rare but serious side effect of potent antiresorptive medications, such as bisphosphonates and denosumab, which are commonly prescribed for management of bone malignancy or osteoporosis. 33,45,46 Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw occurs primarily in patients that receive antiresorptive agents in combination with recent oral trauma (for example, tooth extraction) or preexisting or coexisting inflammatory oral disease (for example, established periodontitis, dental disease). 33,45,46 The potential benefits of rice rats as models in dental and periodontal research suggests that interventions in the oral cavity that require general anesthesia are imminent. Isoflurane, ketamine-dexmedetomidine, ketamine-xylazine, and ketamine-midazolam are well-established anesthetic modalities that are routinely used in conventional laboratory roden ts.
Harran Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 2021
This study aimed to determine the anesthetic efficacy of intranasal medetomidine/ketamine and diazepam/ketamine combinations in New Zealand White rabbits. For this purpose, 12 adult New Zealand White rabbits weighing 2.3-4.1 kg were used by randomly dividing the animals into two groups of six animals: Medetomidine-Ketamine (MK) and Diazepam-Ketamine (DK). Intranasally, medetomidine (0.2 mg kg-1) and ketamine (10 mg kg-1) combination was administered to the MK group and, diazepam (1 mg kg-1) and ketamine (10 mg kg-1) to the DK group. Before and 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after anesthesia, loss, and recovery of the reflexes were evaluated. Onset and duration of the anesthesia, duration of the surgical anesthesia, and the total anesthesia time were also recorded. Loss and recovery time of reflexes was shorter in the DK group compared to the MK group. Respiratory rate, heart rate, and SpO2 decreased as expected in both groups but all parameters, especially SpO2, were lower in the MK group comparing the DK group. These results showed that both MK and DK combinations administered IN provide anesthesia in the time and depth that minor surgical procedures and clinical applications could be performed. Although it seems promising considering its practicality and anesthetic efficacy, it is clear that more detailed studies with more animals are needed before the safety of these protocols can be established.Their use, recommended for routine clinical procedures when considered SpO2, was severely decreased, especially in the MK group.
Safety and efficacy of ketamine xylazine along with atropine anesthesia in BALB/c mice
Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2019
Anesthetics are an indispensable prerequisite for surgical intervention and pharmacological animal studies. The objective of present study was to optimize the dose of ketamine (K) and xylazine (X) along with atropine sulfate (A) in order to achieve surgical tolerance in BALB/c mice. Several doses of ketamine (100, 150, 200 mg/kg) and xylazine (10, 15, 20 mg/kg) were mixed and combination of nine doses (K/X: 100/10, 100/15, 100/20, 150/10, 150/15, 150/20, 200/10,200/15,200/20) were evaluated (n=9 per combination). A constant dose of atropine (0.05 mg/kg) was also used to counter side effect. Timerelated parameters were evaluated on the basis of reflexes. KX at dose 200/20 mg/kg produced surgical tolerance in all nine mice with duration 55.00±6.87 minutes. The induction time 0.97±0.09 minutes, sleeping time 90.67±5.81 minutes and immobilization time (102.23±6.83 minutes) were significantly higher than all combination. However, this combination was considered unsafe due to 11 % mortality. While, KX at dose 200/15 mg/kg results in none of the mortality, so was considered as safe. Moreover, this combination produces surgical tolerance in 89 % mice with duration (30.00±7.45 minutes). It was concluded that KX at dose 200/15 mg/kg along with atropine 0.05 mg/kg is safe for performing surgical interventions in BALB/c mice.
Combination anesthesia with ketamine and pentobarbital: a long-term porcine model
Research in experimental medicine. Zeitschrift für die gesamte experimentelle Medizin einschliesslich experimenteller Chirurgie, 1999
Anesthesia of the pig poses great problems for experimental animal-based research and particularly in shock research. In this study, five mechanically ventilated domestic pigs were given long-term anesthesia with a combination of ketamine plus pentobarbital. Circulatory parameters were recorded every 2 h via an arterial catheter placed in the right common carotid artery, a Swan-Gans thermodilution catheter (7F), that was placed in the pulmonary artery of the right middle-lobe in a wedge position through the external jugular vein, and another catheter in the internal jugular vein for measuring central venous pressure. Moreover, body weight, blood gases, pH, blood cells, electrolytes and serum enzymes were measured. Further serum traits as total protein and glucose and pathological alterations in different organs were recorded. The animals were observed for a period of 96 h and then killed painlessly. It was shown that pigs can survive 96-h anesthesia with the combination of ketamine ...
Anesthesia for Intraocular Surgery in Rabbits
Scandinavian Journal of Laboratory Animal Science, 2011
The purpose of the study was to assess a ketamine/xylazine combination along with retrobulbar block using 4% lignocaine HCl for performing intraocular surgery in rabbits. To do so ten healthy adult New Zealand White rabbits aged 1.5-2 years of either sex weighing 2-3 kgs were selected for unilateral cataract extraction by phacoemulsification . Xylazine HCl was used as preanesthetic at a dose rate of 5 mg/kg, i.m., followed by Ketamine HCl at a dose rate of 35mg/kg, i.m. A retro bulbar block was performed with 4% lignocaine HCL. The anesthetic depth was judged by ear pinching reflex. The time for onset and duration of anesthesia was found to be 7±0.5 minutes and 35.5±1.2 minutes respectively. A central eyeball fixation following retro bulbar block was obtained in all the cases. The mean values recorded before induction of anesthesia and during anesthesia of rectal temperature (38.090C±0.2 vs. 37.290C±0.2), heart rate in beats per minute (276±1.2 vs.272±1.1), a...
Comparison of two ketamine_xylazine anesthesic protocols in pigs (Sus crofa[1692].pdf
Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences,, 2018
The pig (Sus scrofa domestica) is an animal used as an experimental model in surgical procedures. This makes the use of anaesthesia necessary. The present study constitutes a comparison between two different ketamine/xylazine concentration protocols. One protocol used ketamine 10% + xylazine 10% (high concentration), and the other ketamine 5% + xylazine 2% (low concentration). Concentrations were chosen since these are the most common presentations in the veterinary market. In the present experiments, twenty male and female pigs (Sus crofa domestica; 20 kg each), were assigned into two different groups. The first one was integrated by pigs treated with high concentration protocol (n = 10), and the second one, composed by pigs that received low concentration protocol (n = 10). Parameters measured were the time in which the animals were placed in sternal decubitus, and the heart rate. The effects of these drugs were considered not only specifically in its sedative effects, but also in the respiratory system. Based on these results, we conclude that the first protocol showed better results than the second one. The time in which the animals were placed in sternal decubitus was lower in the first one (p < 0.001). Differences between the effects on the respiratory system (p = 0.37) and sedative effects (p = 0.87) were not significant, even when focusing on the last measurement, higher concentration protocol was twenty percent (20%) more effective than lower.
Ketamine-xylazine-acepromazine anesthesia and postoperative recovery in rats
Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS, 2006
We evaluated the effect of ketamine-xylazine-acepromazine anesthesia (31.25, 6.25, and 1.25 mg/kg subcutaneously, respectively) on postsurgical recovery in male Sprague-Dawley (Crl:SD) rats undergoing laparotomy with and without the postoperative analgesic ketorolac. Recovery was determined by changes in body weight (BW) and water intake. The time of ketorolac administration (5 mg/kg intramuscularly), 60 min after anesthetic injection, was based on return of the pedal withdrawal reflex in Long-Evans (HsdBlu:LE) rats undergoing stereotaxic surgery in a separate experiment. Results were compared with those of housing and anesthesia controls as well as of laparotomized rats receiving a single sugared treat for nonpharmacologic management of postoperative pain. Surgery took place on day 0; the first 24 h postsurgery was considered the "acute phase," and days 1 through 4 comprised the "recovery phase." Results suggest that 1) the anesthetic mixture is fast- and long-a...
Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2009
Three anesthetic regimens-Tiletamine-zolazepam (T) used as sole anesthetic agent, and bolus administration of tiletamine-zolazepam-ketamine (TK) and tiletaminezolazepam-ketamine-xylazine (TKX)-were evaluated in six domestic shorthair cats using a repeated measures design with one week treatment interval, with the time of onset of anesthesia, duration of anesthesia, time to sternal recovery and standing recovery, vital signs, reflexes, pain response, and ECG findings as parameters. Onset of anesthesia was similar in all three treatments. TKX provided a significantly prolonged duration of anesthesia and recovery time compared to T and TK (p<0.0001). The vital signs were within normal for an anesthetized cat in all treatments. The heart rate was significantly lower with TKX compared to T and TK (p<0.0001) but an initial increase was observed in all three treatments eventually declining with T and TKX while it remained elevated with TK. The respiratory rate tended to decrease with time in all three treatments but did not vary significantly. The temperature decreased over time in all three treatments. Reflexes and flank pain response were also absent for a significantly longer period with TKX compared to T and TK (p<0.0001). Isolated ECG parameters were outside normal limits however, no cardiac arrhythmias were observed in all three treatments. The results of the study point to the possible use of TKX where prolonged anesthesia using parenteral anesthetics is desired although this also results to a prolonged recovery period.
A Rabbit Clinical Trial of Xylazine-Ketamine vs. Fentanyl-Ketamine for General Anesthesia
Uttar Pradesh journal of zoology, 2024
The Aim of Study: The current investigation was designed to compare the anesthetic and physiological effects of ketamine with different pre-anesthetics protocol. Methods: A total of twelve healthy male rabbits were chosen for the clinical anesthetic trial. Animals were presented to the faculty of veterinary medicine at Kerbala University for skin wound procedures and separated into two equal groups 6 rabbits each (group A and group B). Rabbits in group A were administered an intramuscular injection of xylazine (10mg/kg BW) followed by ketamine (50 mg/kg I.M) after 10 minutes. while those in group B were injected with fentanyl (0.04 mg/kg BW, I.M) first plus ketamine (50 mg/kg I.M) after 10 minutes. The physiological and Original Research Article