Innate immune response of the dental pulp in healthy and carious human teeth (original) (raw)
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Immunohistochemical study on antigen-presenting cells in healthy and carious human teeth
Bratislava Medical Journal, 2018
Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen-presenting cells are associated with the early phase of the immune response. We have studied the distribution of class II-expressing cells in developing, healthy and carious human teeth to clarify, when human pulp acquires an immunologic defense potential and how this reacts to dental caries. Antigen-expressing cells were identifi ed immunohistochemically with the following monoclonal antibodies: HLA-DR-for dendritic cells and CD68-for macrophages. In the pulp of unerupted developing teeth, HLA-DR-positive cells were distributed mainly in and around the odontoblast layer. A few CD68 positive cells were located more coronary around the blood vessels. In erupted teeth, HLA-DR-positive cells were located, for the most part, just beneath the odontoblast layer. CD68 positive cells were also located coronary, mainly around the blood vessels. Superfi cial caries lesions caused an aggregation of HLA-DR-positive cells and macrophages in the dental pulp corresponding to the lesion. These fi ndings showed that: (1) human teeth are already equipped with an immunological defense potential prior to eruption; (2) in the initial stage of caries infection, an immuno-response mediated by class-II-expressing cells is initiated in human dental pulp (Fig. 8, Ref. 33).
Class II Antigen-presenting Dendritic Cells and Macrophages in Healthy and Carious Human Teeth
International Journal of Experimental Dental Science
Antigen-presenting cells are capable of participating in the stimulation of T cells by antigen presentation. Antigen-presenting cells are considered essential for the induction and expansion of the immune reaction because their interaction with antigen is the first step in immune induction. We have studied the distribution of class II expressing cells in developing, healthy and carious human teeth to clarify when human pulp acquires an immunologic defense potential. Antigen-expressing cells were identified immunohistochemically with HLA-DR monoclonal antibodies (for dendritic cells) and CD68 monoclonal antibodies (for macrophages). In the pulp of unerupted developing teeth, HLA-DR-positive cells were distributed mainly in and around the odontoblast layer. A few CD68 positive cells were located more coronary around the blood vessels. In erupted teeth, HLA-DR-positive cells were located, for the most part just beneath the odontoblast layer. CD68 positive cells were also located coronary mainly around the blood vessels. Superficial caries lesions caused aggregation of HLA-DR-positive cells and macrophages in the dental pulp corresponding to the lesion. Our results showed that human teeth are already equipped with an immunological defense potential before the eruption. In the initial stage of caries infection, an immune response mediated by class II expressing cells is initiated in human dental pulp.
Immunohistochemical study of the inflammatory response of the dental pulp
Macedonian Pharmaceutical Bulletin
Defense reactions of the dental pulp involve a variety of biological reactions, in which the immune system plays a very important role. The class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule expressing cells, termed dendritic cells and lymphocytes in human dental pulp are highly sensitive to exogenous antigenic stimuli. Their drastic changes in number and localization are induced by dental caries. This study investigated the responses of the immune system in two different clinical conditions: shallow and deep cavities. Cells were identified immunohistochemically by using the following monoclonal antibodies: HLA-DR, CD45RO and CD20. Initial pulpal response was characterized by a localized accumulation of HLA-DR antibody-positive cells in the pulp tissue beneath the dentinal tubules communicating with the caries lesion. In the pulp of progressed caries, a large number of HLA-DR-positive cells was observed with a marked increase of other kinds of immunocompetent cells. This might...
Phenotypic Analysis of Immunocompetent Cells in Healthy Human Dental Pulp
Journal of Endodontics, 2015
Introduction: Like other tissues in the body, the human dental pulp is equipped with a network of immune cells that can be mobilized against pathogens when they invade the tooth. Very little data, mostly obtained with classic histologic methods, have reported their quantities and relative percentages. The objective of this study was to characterize and precisely quantify immunocompetent cells in healthy human dental pulp by using fluorescence-activated cell sorting, together with identifying specific cell subsets in the leukocyte (CD45 +) cells. Methods: Healthy human third molars were collected from 42 young patients. Dental pulps were separated from the hard tissues and prepared for flow cytometry or immunostaining analyses. Results: CD45 + cells represented 0.94% AE 0.65% of cells obtained from the enzymatic digestion of whole dental pulps (n = 34). CD16 + CD14 + granulocytes/neutrophils (50.01% AE 9.08%, n = 7) were found to represent the major subpopulation in CD45 + cells followed by CD3 + T lymphocytes (32.58% AE 11%, n = 17), CD14 + monocytes (8.93% AE 5.8%, n = 7), and HLA-DR high Lin1dendritic cells (4.51% AE 1.12%, n = 7). Minor subpopulations included CD3 À CD56 + natural killer cells (2.63% AE 1.15%, n = 7) and CD19 + B lymphocytes (1.65% AE 0.89%, n = 17). We further identified cells harboring a phenotype compatible with Foxp3/CD25-expressing regulatory T lymphocytes (CD45 + CD3 + CD4 + CD127 low). Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis and confocal microscopy also revealed expression of HO-1 in HLA-DR + cells. Conclusions: For the first time, this study identifies and precisely quantifies the relative proportion of immunocompetent cells potentially involved in tissue homeostasis of healthy human dental pulp.
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF DENDRITIC CELLS IN DENTAL PULPS FROM NON CARIOUS AND CARIOUS TEETH
In order to elucidate the immune reaction in the dental pulp as a sequel of caries, we have studied the distribution of dendritic cells in association with the development of the carious lesion. In this study we have analysed 150 teeth with different stages of progression of the carious lesion. The condition of the pulp was classified into five groups according to the progression of the carious lesions from stages S0 to S4. Cells were identified immunohistochemically by the streptavidin-biotin complex immunoperoxidase method by using the monoclonal antibody HLA-DR for dendritic cells. The immune response in the unaffected pulp is linked with the presence of few anti-HLA-DR positive cells. Their number showed an increase in teeth with shallow dentinal caries with localized accumulation of cells beneath the dentinal tubules communicating with the superficial caries. This was followed by a caries depth related increase of the dendritic cells. The accumulation of these cells under the dentin was apparent with the progression of the caries toward the pulp. These findings suggest that the response of pulpal dendritic cells to carious irritants triggers the defense reactions of the pulp and respond promptly and actively to dentinal tubule derived carious stimuli.
International Immunology, 2006
Dental caries and pulpitis are the most common bacterial infections in humans. However, the immune responses against bacterial stimulation in dental pulp that is bounded by special hard tissues are poorly understood. We examined the initial immune responses in mouse dental pulp after cusp trimming and acid treatment. Using fluorescence immunohistochemistry, two distinct cell populations were identified in the intact pulp; CD11c 1 F4/80 2 and CD11c 2 F4/80 1 cells. CD11c 1 F4/80 2 cells were localized in the pulp-dentin (P-D) border of the central pulp beneath the dental fissure, whereas CD11c 2 F4/80 1 cells with dendritic morphology were distributed in the perivascular region of the inner pulp and the sub-odontoblastic layer. CD11c 1 F4/80 2 cells, but not CD11c 2 F4/80 1 cells, constitutively expressed toll-like receptors 2 and 4 and CD205, and migrated to the P-D border of the treated side within 2 h after the treatment. In parallel, some of the F4/80 1 cells migrated to the inner pulp of the treated side, increased in size and enhanced CD86 expression. At 24 h, the CD86 1 cells with high fluorescence intensity had disappeared entirely from the pulp. Concurrently, CD86 high cells expressing intermediate levels of CD11c and high levels of MHC class II and F4/80, assessed by using flow cytometry, increased significantly in the regional lymph nodes, suggesting migration of these cells from the dental pulp. Our results are the first to demonstrate the existence of at least two types of dendritic cells (DCs) in dental pulp. The CD11c 1 sentinel and F4/80 1 interstitial DCs might have distinct territories and unique roles in responding to external stimuli via the dentinal tubules.
Perivascular dendritic cells of the human dental pulp
Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 1997
The morphological and phenotypical features of the class II molecule (HLA-DR) expressing cells in human dental pulps were compared with those of previously characterized perivascular dendritic cells in the dermis. We have further investigated how these pulpal cells are structurally related to the vascular system. Double-immunofluorescence staining revealed that a substantial portion of the pulpal HLA-DR expressing cells also expressed factor XIIIa, a marker for dendritic cells. The cells usually had a highly dendritic appearance and formed a reticular network in the pulpal connective tissue. The majority of cells also expressed macrophage-related antigens (CD14 and CD68). A small but distinct population of pulpal cells, representing approximately 13 % of the class II molecule expressing cells, was devoid of a typical macrophage phenotype. This subpopulation of pulpal cells may be similar to dendritic cells present in the dermis. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that highly dendritic cells, found in close relation to the endothelium, had dendritic processes which were found to be in contact with the peripheral cell membrane of the endothelial cells. These cells formed a three-dimensional structure around the microvessel resembling a cellular conduit. We conclude that the human dental pulp is equipped with class II molecule-expressing perivascular dendritic cells composed of a heterogeneous cell population.
Potential role of odontoblasts in the innate immune response of the dental pulp
Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi), 2008
Background: Odontoblasts are the cells lining of tooth's hard structure at the dentin-pulp border, which become the first cells encountered oral microorganisms entering dentin. However, they do not only form a physical barrier by producing dentin, but also provide an innate immune barrier for the tooth. Purpose: The aim of this review was to discuss the potential role of odontoblasts in the innate immune response of the dental pulp. reviews: Recent studies have proven that odontoblasts express toll-like receptors, and capable of producing chemokines (i.e. IL-8, CCL2, CXCL2, and CXCL10), and cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) following lipopolysacharide exposure. Thereby odontoblasts are actively participating in the recruitment of immune cells in response to caries-derived bacterial products. Furthermore, odontoblasts also produce antimicrobial peptides (hBD-1, hBD-2, and hBD-3), and transform growth factor β that induce antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. Conclusion: The presence of those innate immune molecules indicates that the nonspecific, natural, and rapidly acting defense may also be an important function of odontoblasts.
Mast cells and lymphocyte subsets in pulps from healthy and carious human teeth
Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology, 2007
To evaluate the presence of cytolytic T lymphocytes (CD8 ϩ ), memory T cells (CD45RO ϩ ), helper T lymphocytes (CD4 ϩ ), and mast cells in pulps from healthy and carious human teeth. Study design. The teeth were separated into groups: I ϭ unerupted; II ϭ partially erupted, without caries; III ϭ erupted, without caries; IV ϭ erupted with shallow dentine caries; and V ϭ teeth with pulp polyps. The immunoperoxidase staining procedure was used to detect CD8, CD45RO, CD4, and tryptase (mast cell marker) antigens. The number of each cell type was obtained by counting the number of cells per mm 2 . Results. Mast cells were only present in pulp polyps. Pulps from carious teeth contained more CD4 ϩ and CD8 ϩ cells than from noncarious teeth. There was a significant decrease in the number of lymphocytes in pulp polyps in comparison to the other groups.