Rural-to-Urban Migration of Young People and Its Effect on Small Cities in Hungary (original) (raw)
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European Countryside
Due to the general demographic situation in Hungary and the recent overall crisis of this traditional settlement-type, Hungarian small towns have been facing an intensive shrinking since the last decade. Although natural decrease and migration loss are almost equal factors of population decline, outmigration seems to be a more strategic, critical problem for these settlements. There are hardly any reliable data available about the migrants leaving small towns, but some of them seem to support the wellknown assumption that the young people, who leave these towns are looking for wider horizons and better perspectives. The aim of the present paper is to analyse the outmigration of young adults from small towns, and give estimation about the international aspects of migration, which is hardly ever published in official statistics. The paper also aims at revealing the impact of the intensive migration on the local labour market. A short statistical analysis based on census data and two e...
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Large migration of youth from rural to urban areas presents a complex challenge before the academicians, researchers and policy makers and call immediate attention. Keeping in view, the present study has been taken with the research objective to explore the interests of rural youth (15-29 yrs) of Hisar district of Haryana, their thoughts forcing them for urban migration and its after effects perceived by them. The data were collected from 270 rural youth came from 18 randomly selected villages personally through an personal interview schedule. The causes of migration were categorized into push and pull factors. About eighty per cent of the respondents wished to be migrated from rural to urban areas due to one or the another reasons.About 19 per cent still showed their desire to remain in their villages and continue to be as farmer with more scientific farming. 34.44 per cent youth preferred inter-district migration followed by intra-state. About 17 per cent youth showed their desire...
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Migration from the city to the countryside in Hungary and Poland
Geojournal, 1999
After the changes of 1989, urban-to-rural migration in Poland and Hungary remained stable compared to rural-to-urban migration. This was connected to a growing importance of suburbanisation around major Hungarian and Polish cities. Suburban areas around these cities are attracting increasing numbers of migrants from the major cities. Pollution and higher crime rates, as well as rising living costs and increasing uncertainties make many people to decide to leave the city for the surrounding countryside. Not only upper middle-class people move to the suburbs, but also lower status people, for whom life in the big city became too difficult. Long-distance migration from the cities to the rural areas is declining. Economic problems together with low employment opportunities prevent people from making such a move. Though the overall level of urban-to-rural migration did not change too much, this article shows the rapidly increasing importance of suburbanisation.
IFAD Research Series 55 Rural Youth: Determinants of Migration Throughout the World
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2019
Thanks to Siddhartha Baral and Mike Murphy for research assistance, and Aslihan Arslan, Eva-Maria Egger and David E. Tschirley for comments that have improved the manuscript. Any opinions in the paper are the views of the author and not necessarily the views of IFPRI. This background paper was prepared for the Rural Development Report 2019 "Creating Opportunities for Rural Youth". Its publication in its original draft form is intended to stimulate broader discussion around the topics treated in the report itself. The views and opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and should not be attributed to IFAD, its Member States or their representatives to its Executive Board. IFAD does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. For further information, please contact ruraldevelopmenreport@ifad.org. IFAD would like to acknowledge the generous financial support provided by the Governments of Italy and Germany for the development of the background papers of the 2019 Rural Development Report.
Journal of Rural Studies, 2010
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A significant proportion of Indians (29%) live in cities with populations less than 50,000. Despite the prevailing ‘urban bias’ towards large cities, small urban agglomerations are growing faster than large and even mid-sized cities. Ostensibly, small cities are playing a vital role in creating accessible educational and employment opportunities for rural youth. The case of eGramServe, a ‘rural’ BPO set up in Narendra Nagar, which is a city of approximately 10,000 people located in the Tehri Garhwal district of the mountainous state of Uttarakhand, serves to illustrate the migration decisions of the educated young in the light of a fresh employment opportunity close to home. The research shows the perceived migration costs are high for rural youth who commute to Narendra Nagar for work on a daily basis. Under-confident of their ability to secure well paying jobs in larger cities, they are satisfied to work close to home where they can continue to support and be supported by their families. In contrast, youth who already live in Narendra Nagar whose parents are already in secure government or private jobs are more ambitious and see eGramServe as an opportunity to gain experience that will secure them better jobs in a larger city. For women, employment near home allows them to continue to work despite the bindings of a patriarchal society that denies them independence in movement and decision-making. Migration decisions of young people appear rational, albeit complex and a number of interesting patterns including multiple cycles of migration as well as return migration are observed. The study questions the notion that educated youth in rural and small town India aspires to migrate to the big city fulfil their dreams. Instead, it indicates that it is worthwhile to find ways to support small urban agglomerations like Narendra Nagar in terms of investment and governance to enable rural youth to be meaningfully employed closer to home.
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The central theme of this study is how young people and young adults experience obstacles and opportunities in relation to their past, present and potential future in a rural area. There are certainly differences in the lifestyle of young people in rural and urban areas, observable for most of them. In this article we will focus on the following perspectives: living conditions, access to transportation, access to digitalization, to health and social services. Although social services seem to be a particularly relevant issue for the social groups of older people, it also targets the impact on children. Moving is an important element of difficulty in rural areas, involving relevant aspects of life. Although the desire to repopulate the mountainous rural environment is very high, there are aspects that the elderly have not thought about and on which the success of choosing the rural area really depends. Young people are less and less concerned with the management of farms, most of the ...
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