Inhibition Profiling of Retroviral Protease Inhibitors Using an HIV-2 Modular System (original) (raw)
Related papers
Critical differences in HIV-1 and HIV-2 protease specificity for clinical inhibitors
Protein Science, 2012
Clinical inhibitor amprenavir (APV) is less effective on HIV-2 protease (PR 2 ) than on HIV-1 protease (PR 1 ). We solved the crystal structure of PR 2 with APV at 1.5 Å resolution to identify structural changes associated with the lowered inhibition. Furthermore, we analyzed the PR 1 mutant (PR 1M ) with substitutions V32I, I47V, and V82I that mimic the inhibitor binding site of PR 2 . PR 1M more closely resembled PR 2 than PR 1 in catalytic efficiency on four substrate peptides and inhibition by APV, whereas few differences were seen for two other substrates and inhibition by saquinavir (SQV) and darunavir (DRV). High resolution crystal structures of PR 1M with APV, DRV, and SQV were compared with available PR 1 and PR 2 complexes. Val/Ile32 and Ile/Val47 showed compensating interactions with SQV in PR 1M and PR 1 , however, Ile82 interacted with a second SQV bound in an extension of the active site cavity of PR 1M . Residues 32 and 82 maintained similar interactions with DRV and APV in all the enzymes, whereas Val47 and Ile47 had opposing effects in the two subunits. Significantly diminished interactions were seen for the aniline of APV bound in PR 1M and PR 2 relative to the strong hydrogen bonds observed in PR 1 , consistent with 15-and 19-fold weaker inhibition, respectively. Overall, PR 1M partially replicates the specificity of PR 2 and gives insight into drug resistant mutations at residues 32, 47, and 82. Moreover, this analysis provides a structural explanation for the weaker antiviral effects of APV on HIV-2.
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2008
We determine phenotypic susceptibility of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) isolates to amprenavir, atazanavir, darunavir, indinavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, saquinavir, and tipranavir. Saquinavir, lopinavir, and darunavir are potent against wild-type HIV-2 isolates and should be preferred as first-line options for HIV-2-infected patients. Other protease inhibitors are less active against HIV-2 than against HIV-1.
Characterization of a Novel Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease Inhibitor, A-790742
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2008
A-790742 is a potent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease inhibitor, with 50% effective concentrations ranging from 2 to 7 nM against wild-type HIV-1. The activity of this compound is lowered by approximately sevenfold in the presence of 50% human serum. A-790742 maintained potent antiviral activity against lopinavir-resistant variants generated in vitro as well as against a panel of molecular clones containing proteases derived from HIV-1 patient isolates with multiple protease mutations. During in vitro selection, A-790742 selected two primary mutations (V82L and I84V) along with L23I, L33F, K45I, A71V/A, and V77I in the pNL4-3 background and two other mutations (A71V and V82G) accompanied by M46I and L63P in the HIV-1 RF background. HIV-1 pNL4-3 clones with a single V82L or I84V mutation were phenotypically resistant to A-790742 and ritonavir. Taking these results together, A-790742 displays a favorable anti-HIV-1 profile against both the wild type and a large number of mutants resistant to other protease inhibitors. The selection of the uncommon V82L and V82G mutations in protease by A-790742 suggests the potential for an advantageous resistance profile with this protease inhibitor.
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 2013
Extreme drug resistant mutant of HIV-1 protease (PR) bearing 20 mutations (PR20) has been studied with the clinical inhibitor amprenavir (1) and two potent antiviral investigational inhibitors GRL-02031 (2) and GRL-0519 (3). Clinical inhibitors are >1000-fold less active on PR20 than on wild type enzyme, which is consistent with dissociation constants (K L) from isothermal titration calorimetry of 40 nM for 3, 178 nM for amprenavir, and 960 nM for 2. High resolution crystal structures of PR20-inhibitor complexes revealed altered interactions compared with the corresponding wild-type PR complexes in agreement with relative inhibition. Amprenavir lacks interactions due to PR20 mutations in the S2/S2′ subsites relative to PR. Inhibitors 2 and 3 lose interactions with Arg8′ in PR20 relative to the wild type enzyme since Arg8′ shifts to interact with mutated L10F side chain. Overall, inhibitor 3 compares favorably with darunavir in affinity for PR20 and shows promise for further development.
AIDS, 2000
Objective: To develop and optimize a fast and quantitative recombinant strategy for evaluating the HIV-1 phenotype to protease inhibitors (PI). Design and methods: A non-replicative HIV-1 molecular vector (designated pÄ proÄenv) capable of expressing exogenous HIV-1 protease-encoding sequences was developed in this study. The HIV-1 protease sequences were ampli®ed from either viral isolates or plasma samples (both from 21 HIV-1-infected individuals, 19 of whom were failing different anti-HIV-1 combination treatments) and cloned in the pÄ proÄenv backbone. The HIV-1 recombinant phenotype to PI was determined directly after transfection of viral chimeric clones by measuring protease activity and calculating a percentage sensitivity index (SI%; the ratio between the results from each clone and those from a PI-sensitive reference strain). Results: The SI% values obtained from the recombinant clones paralleled the IC50 results of the viral isolates and documented different degrees of resistance and crossresistance to PI, compatible, with few exceptions, with the respective genotype. Interestingly, an inverse correlation between SI% values and the presence of primary mutations for resistance to PI (P 0.0038 and P 0.0414, for indinavir and ritonavir, respectively) and a difference in SI% between samples harbouring an increasing number of mutations (indinavir, P 0.022; ritonavir, P 0.0466) were observed. Conclusion: The data substantiate the reliability of the novel strategy for a fast (5 day) quantitative evaluation of HIV-1 phenotype to PI, and indicate that this method may contribute to the understanding of mechanisms of virus resistance to PI.