Evaluating the biodeterioration enzymatic activities of fungal contamination isolated from some ancient Yemeni mummies preserved in the national museum (original) (raw)
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SCIENTIFIC CULTURE, 2020
The present study focuses on the definition of fungi and bacteria from the late period wooden coffin at Saqqara dating back to the 26 th dynasty (664-525 BC). It highlights the importance of the black resin layer in resisting microbial infection. This polychrome wooden coffin was covered by a ground layer and a painted layer externally and by a layer of black resin internally. The wooden coffin had a lot of deterioration factors, e.g. the loss of the painted layer and ground layers, as well as a thick layer of dust. Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) was used for the cultivation of fungi, and nutrient agar was used to cultivated bacteria. Microbial infections were identified using light microscopy after their cultivation. The types of fungi and bacteria: The mold fungi were Trichoderma, Acremonium SP Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Penicillium SP, while the bacteria were Micrococcus sp. (G+), Micro Bacillus sp. (G+) and Short Bacillus sp. (G+(. The fungi and bacteria were on wood and color, while black resin any fungi, and bacteria were absent because the black resin contained anti-fungal and anti-bacterial materials.
fungal strains representing 10 genera were isolated. The identified fungal isolates ; Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus humicola, Fusarium moniliforme, Chaetomium indicum, Helminthosporium sativum, Alternaria tenuis and Rhizopus sp. Comparative study using different types of fungicides and natural products on the isolated fungal species suggested that the complete inhibition of tested fungal species was performed with lower concentration of clove oil, which is harmless to humans, (0.75%) than the fungicides.
Egyptian Journal of Microbiology, 2019
P hysiological and biochemical characteristics of Fusarium oxysporum and Trichoderma viride isolated from old manuscripts of the general Book organization of Egypt including effects of incubation periods, carbon sources, temperature, ph and relative humidity on linear growth (mm) and dry weight (mg) were established. cellulolytic activity (Avicelase, CMCase, and Fpase were measured by the size of the clear zone on specific media. The results show that the best incubation period for F. oxysporum was 9 day on PDa solid medium and 12 day for liquid medium, while for T. viride was 6 and 9 day for solid and liquid media respectively. cellulase production increased gradually over an, incubation period up to a maximum of 18 day for both F. oxysporum and T. viride beyond which a slight decline in the enzyme activity could be observed. The two isolates grow and attain maximum linear and dry weight at temperatures degree between 25 and 30°c. Both organisms can grow on PDa solid medium along a ph ranging from ph 3.5-8.5, with maximum growth at ph 3.5-6.5. F. oxysporum and T. viride grow effectively on all tested carbon sources (sucrose, maltose, lactose, glucose, arabinose, starch, pectin and raffinose) reaching maximum growth after 7 days of incubation. Cotton pulp was considered the best carbon source for inducing the highest avicelase enzyme activity for both F. oxysporum and T. viride. also, maximum growth was attained over a range of relative humidity, as the growth of F. oxysporum was increased by increasing the Rh up to 92.3% and up to 100% for T. viride.
SURVEY FOR FUNGAL DECAYING ARCHAEOLOGICAL WOOD AND THEIR ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY
Fungi play a considerable role in deterioration/degradation of cultural heritage due to their enormous enzymatic activity. A total of 112 fungalisolates were identificated from selected archaeological wood objects located at different areas (Islamic Art Museum, Storage area of Cheops's Solar Boat, Excavation of Saqqara and Grand Egyptian Museum). Aspergillus spp. were predominant in all investigated samples. Thirty seven fungal isolates were screened for cellulases, pectinases and ligninases activity. Aspergillus brasiliensis Varga, Frisvad et Janos and Penicillium duclauxii Delacroixexhibited high cellulolytic activity while Aspergillus amstelodami and Aspergillus parasiticus have high pectinolytic activity. Seven fungal species showed ligninolytic potential activity based on their ability to oxidize dyes.
Life
This study aims to assess the deterioration aspects of a historical manuscript dating back to the 14th century that was deposited in the Library of the Arabic Language Academy, Cairo, Egypt. The study aims at the exploration of the role of various fungal strains that had colonized this deteriorated manuscript in its biodeterioration through their efficacy in the secretion of various hydrolytic enzymes. To evaluate the deterioration, various techniques, including visual inspection, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-Ray diffraction analysis (XRD), color change, and pH value, were utilized. The fungal strains linked to the historical document were isolated, identified, and evaluated for their deterioration activities. The findings demonstrate that the manuscript exhibits a variety of deterioration signs including color change, brittleness and weakness, erosion, and removal of the grain surface pattern in leather bi...
Microbiological Analysis of a Mummy from the Archeological Museum in Zagreb
Collegium …, 2010
In this paper we report the results of the microbiological analysis of the samples taken from the mummy from the collection of the Archaeological museum in Zagreb, Croatia. Samples were taken from specific places such as oral, orbital, abdominal cavity and bandages surrounding the mummy, and analyzed in in Zagreb. The analysis indicated that all of the found organisms were non-primary pathogenic and are not harmful for healthy humans. Isolated microorganisms mainly belonged to the group of saprophytic fungi as listed: Monilia spp., Penicillium spp., Alternaria spp., Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus nidulans, Rhizopus spp. and Chrysosporium spp. and to the genus of saprophytic bacteria, Bacillus spp.
Microbiological analysis of a Mummy from the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb.
Collegium antropologicum, 2010
In this paper we report the results of the microbiological analysis of the samples taken from the mummy from the collection of the Archaeological museum in Zagreb, Croatia. Samples were taken from specific places such as oral, orbital, abdominal cavity and bandages surrounding the mummy, and analyzed in in Zagreb. The analysis indicated that all of the found organisms were non-primary pathogenic and are not harmful for healthy humans. Isolated microorganisms mainly belonged to the group of saprophytic fungi as listed: Monilia spp., Penicillium spp., Alternaria spp., Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus nidulans, Rhizopus spp. and Chrysosporium spp. and to the genus of saprophytic bacteria, Bacillus spp.
FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 2013
The Capuchin Catacombs of Palermo contain over 1800 preserved bodies dating from the 16th to 20th centuries AD and showing evidence of biodeterioration. An extensive microbiological and molecular investigation was recently performed. Samples were taken from skin, muscle, hair, bone, stuffing materials, clothes, and surrounding walls as well as from the indoor air. In this study, we witnessed that the different degradation phenomena observed on the variety of materials located at the Capuchin Catacombs of Palermo are biological in origin. Molecular techniques showed the dominance of halophilic species of the domains Bacteria and Archaea on the walls andas a result of salt emanating from the wallson the mummies themselves. Nevertheless, specialized microorganisms belonging to taxa well-known for their cellulolytic and proteolytic activities were detected on clothes and stuffing material, and on skin, muscle, hair, and bone, respectively. This specialized microbiota is threatening the conservation of the mummies themselves. Additionally, sequences related to the human skin microbiome and to some pathogenic Bacteria (order Clostridiales) and fungi (genus Phialosimplex) were identified on samples derived from the mummies. Furthermore, a phosphate-reducing fungus, Penicillium radicum, was detected on bone. Finally, the high concentration of airborne fungal spores is not conducive to the conservation of the human remains and is posing a potential health risk for visitors.
2018
The majority of textiles in ancient Egypt are made from the flax plant (Linum usitatissimum). Cloth made from flax is defined as linen. It was predominantly used for wrapping Egyptian mummies, an important stage in the mummification process. Fungal deterioration of ancient linen textiles is one of the most serious problems in the museum field. The relationship between ancient linen objects from different periods and their susceptibility to fungal deterioration is a critical issue in collections management in museums. In the present study, four groups of samples were prepared with different aging conditions. These samples were inoculated with the spores of four species of fungi that possess cellulolytic activity (Alternaria alternata, Chae-tomium globosum, Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium oxalicum) and incubated for one month. The control and deteriorated samples of each group were evaluated by using visual assessment, light microscope (LM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), viscometer method and Fourier transform in-frared (FTIR) spectroscopy. It was concluded that fungal mechanisms of deterioration occurred in the form of hydrolysis, oxidation, depolymerization and recrystallization processes. Decreasing the influence of fungi by increasing the aging of linen textile samples was demonstrated. A. alternata and C. globosum showed the highest enzymatic activity in the samples from all groups as compared with other species.