Diesel-like hydrocarbon production from hydroprocessing of relevant refining palm oil (original) (raw)
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Production of Green Diesel Based on Palm Fatty Acid Distillate Using Catalytic Hydrogenation Method
OISAA Journal of Indonesia Emas
Green diesel is an alkane compound that is equivalent to petroleum based diesel oil. One of the ingredients that can be converted into green diesel is Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD). PFAD is a by-product of the refinery process in the production of cooking oil from Crude Palm Oil (CPO) which has not been widely used. Green diesel is produced using a catalytic hydrogenation process at a temperature of 300oC with a hydrogen pressure of 25 psia for 1.0 hour. 300 ml of PFAD is reacted with gas (hydrogen) H2 using NiMo / Al2O3 catalyst to accelerate the reaction. The variable that is used in this study is the number of catalysts of 0 gr; 0.1114 gr; 0.1507 gr; 0.2009 gr; 0.2541 gr; and 0.3075 gr. The use of a catalyst of 0.2009 grams per 300 ml of sample is the optimum condition in this study and yields a yield percentage of 36.5331%. The physical properties of green diesel obtained from this study include density at 40oC (751.5056 – 816.9221 kg/m3), kinematic viscosity at 40oC (3.6107...
2021
Green diesel is an alkane compound produced from vegetables oil by hydrogenation which has properties similar to diesel fuel. The ingredients that can be converted into green diesel is Crude Palm Oil (CPO). Green diesel is produced using a catalytic hydrogenation process with 10-30 psia hydrogen injection, the use of natural zeolite catalysts with the variation of catalyst by 1 wt%, 2 wt%, 3 wt% and 4 wt%, and temperatures of 350°C, 375°C, and 400°C for 3 h. The purpose of this research is to obtain optimum conditions in the process of hydrotreating CPO into green diesel. The use of 3 wt% of zeolite catalyst at 400°C and H2 pressure 30 psia was the optimum condition in this study and resulted in a yield percentage of 37.30%. The physical properties of green diesel obtained from this study include density (782.41-807.99 kg/m3), kinematic viscosity (2.24-2.53 cSt), and flash point (55.1-58.5°C).
Production of renewable diesel by hydroprocessing of soybean oil: Effect of catalysts
The effects of various supported catalysts on the hydroprocessing of soybean oil were studied. Several parameters were taken into account when evaluating the hydroprocessed products, including the conversion, selectivity (naphtha, kero/jet, and diesel), free-fatty acid content, oxygen removal, and saturation of double bonds. The hydroprocessing conversion order was found to be sulfided NiMo/c-Al 2 O 3 (92.9%) > 4.29 wt.% Pd/c-Al 2 O 3 (91.9%) > sulfided CoMo/c-Al 2 O 3 (78.9%) > 57.6 wt.% Ni/SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 (60.8%) > 4.95 wt.% Pt/c-Al 2 O 3 (50.8%) > 3.06 wt.% Ru/Al 2 O 3 (39.7%) at a catalyst/oil weight ratio of 0.044. The most abundant composition in the liquid product was straight chain n-C 17 and n-C 15 alkanes when the Ni or Pd catalysts were used. Enhanced isomerization and cracking reaction activity on the CoMo catalyst may produce lighter and isomerized hydrocarbons. By combining gas-phase and liquid product analyses, decarboxylation was a dominant reaction pathway when the Pd catalyst was used, while hydrodeoxygenation was favored when the NiMo or CoMo catalyst was used.
Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2014
In this work, the production of light diesel like fractions by thermal catalytic cracking of crude palm oil (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq.) has been systematically investigated in pilot scale. The cracking reactions were carried out in a reactor of 143 L, operating in batch mode at 450 • C and atmospheric pressure, using 20% (w/w) sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3) as catalyst. The reaction products called organic liquid products (OLP) were submitted to distillation using a laboratory scale column (Vigreux Column) of three stages in order to obtain light diesel like fractions. The catalyst has been characterized by X-ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy, TGA and DTG. The OLP and the green diesel fractions have been physical-chemical characterized by officials AOCS, ASTM, and ABNT/NBR methods in terms of acid value, saponification value, density, refraction index, kinematics viscosity, copper strip corrosion, carbon residue, flash point, and distillation curve. The chemical composition of green diesel has been determined by FTIR spectroscopy and GC-MS. The results show that the process yield on OLP was 65.86% (w/w) with an acid value of 1.02 mg KOH/g OLP and kinematic viscosity of 1.48 mm 2 /s, 30.24% (w/w) non-condensable gases, 2.5% (w/w) water, and 1.4% (w/w) coke. The yield on green diesel obtained by distillation average 24.9% (w/w), presenting an acid value of 1.68 mg KOH/g green diesel and kinematic viscosity of 1.48 mm 2 /s. The GC-MS analysis indicated that green diesel is composed of 91.38% (w/w) of hydrocarbons (31.27% normal paraffins, 54.44% olefins and 5.67% of naphthenics), and 8.62% (w/w) of oxygenates compounds.
Bioresource Technology, 2011
The distillate produced by deodorization of palm oil (DDPO) is a waste that corresponds to 4% of the product formed in this process. DDPO is 83% free of fatty acids (FFA), making it a good material for biodiesel production. In this paper, a catalyst prepared from a waste material, Amazon flint kaolin, was used for the esterification of DDPO with methanol. Leached metakaolin treated at 950°C and activated with 4 M sulfuric acid (labeled as MF9S4) offered maximum esterification activity (92.8%) at 160°C with a DDPO:methanol molar ratio of 1:60 and a 4-h reaction time. The influences of reaction parameters, such as the molar ratio of the reactants, alcohol chain length, temperature, time and the presence of glycerides and unsaponifiable matter, have also been investigated. Based on the catalytic results, esterification of DDPO using MF9S4 can be a cheaper alternative for production of sustainable fuels.
Optimization of Operating Conditions of Bio-Hydrogenated Diesel Production from Fatty Acid
Chemical engineering transactions, 2020
Bio-hydrogenated diesel (BHD) is an interesting sustainable energy because of high heating value and environmentally friendly. This paper investigated parameters which affected to BHD production by catalytic deoxygenation reaction of fatty acid using nickel on silica catalyst. Three batches were firstly screened to find three parameters for optimization. The parameters consisted of type of solvent, oleic acid and palmitic acid, and the use of solvent. After that, Box-Behnken Design (BBD) in Design Expert program was used to optimize three operating conditions which were temperature, the amount of catalyst, and the amount of solvent using the selected reactant from screening experiment. The result of screening process showed that the conversions of fatty acid to fuel were almost 100 %. Therefore, the reaction temperature and the amount of catalyst were decreased to save the operating cost. Palmitic acid was selected as a reactant in optimization. In optimization, quadratic model was ...
2017
Biodiesel can be used as a substitute for fossil diesel. However, its high price mainly due to the costs associated to feedstock and production process is still a problem. This work presents the study on the feasibility of using palm oil produced in Angola, with an acid index between 10-21mg KOH/g, for biodiesel production in batch reactors and in a reactive distillation column. To find the most favorable operating conditions for biodiesel production from crude and heated palm oil, esterification and transesterification experiments were first carried out in a batch stirred reactor. The methanol/oil molar ratio varied from 3:1 to 7:1 and the catalysts/oil weight percentage varied from 0.4 to 1.2%. Finally, the produced biodiesel was analysed for the density, viscosity, acid number and refractive index using the reference methods, whereas the FAME content was measured by near infrared spectroscopy. The results show that using a molar ratio methanol/oil of 6:1, 0.8 % H2SO4 and KOH, 63 ...
Extraction, Production and Characterizations of Diesel Produced From Palm Kernel Seeds
International Journal of Academic Engineering Research, 2020
Due to growth of economy at 8% to 12% GDP for developing nations like India, China, Brazil and South Africa, the demand for energy and fossil fuel is ever increasing. This led to the need of exploring alternative fuels to meet the ever growing energy demands. Interestingly, vegetable oils as an alternate diesel engine fuels dates back several decades. There is need for ideal, renewable, cleaner and environmental friendly energy source in order to reduce the havoc caused by continuous dependence on conventional energy source. The present study aimed at producing biodiesel from alm kernel seeds. The soybean seeds were sun-dried for five days and grounded into fine particles with grinding machine. The oil was extracted from grounded soybean seeds by solvent extraction methods. The extracted oil was transesterified to biodiesel using sulphuric acid as a catalyst. The biodiesel was analyzed by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopic (GC-MS). Physicochemical properties of biodiesel were determined using predictive models based on fatty acid composition and American Society for Testing for Materials (ASTM) protocols. Data obtained were subjected to appropriate statistical analysis. The fatty acid content of biodiesel had 52.20% saturated, 40.70% monounsaturated and 7.1% polyunsaturated fatty acids. The physicochemical properties of the methyl ester produced were : Colour (Colorless), specific gravity (0.8700), kinematic viscosity(2.41 mm 2 /s at 40 o C), flash point (134 o C), cloud point (-9 o C), pour point (-6 o C), refractive index (1.46), heat of combustion (37MJ/kg), density (0.8700 g/cm 3), ash content (0.02%) , acid value (0.35mgKOH/g), saponification value (222 mgKOH/g), peroxide value (2.8 meq/kg), iodine value (44. 80mgI 2 /g), free fatty acid (1.15 %), cetane number (71), oxidative stability (6.91 hrs), long chain saturated factor (25.10 o C), cold-filter plugging point (67.31 o C), degree of unsaturation (66.80), high heating value (44.80 o C) and water content (0.06). Palm kernel seeds biodiesel meet acceptable global requirements for biodiesel production. Hence, Palm kernel seeds are an ideal substitute and fits in as starting materials for production of diesel fuel.
Chemical engineering transactions, 2020
Recently, advanced biofuels have gained interest and importance; as a result, the world production of renewable diesel has quadrupled in the last 5 years. Renewable diesel is a type of biodiesel whose functional properties are similar, or even superior, to those of fossil diesel. It also looks more attractive than conventional biodiesel (FAME), as an option for the partial or complete replacement of liquid fossil fuels in the effort to reduce GHG emissions generated in the transport sector of diesel engines. However, when obtained by hydrotreating, the use of gaseous hydrogen makes the process lose sustainability due to its petrochemical origin (at least 90% comes from the reforming of naphtha) and high risk in its safe handling, besides increasing the costs due to its intensive operating conditions (temperature and pressure). A possible solution to this remarkable disadvantage is the generation of hydrogen in situ, which can be carried out by hydrogenation by catalytic transfer, us...