Gender Preferences influencing fertility among women of Todapur-Dasghara, Delhi INTRODUCTION (original) (raw)
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Reproductive Health, 2014
Background: Son preference is predominant in developing countries especially South Asian countries and its effect is most visible when the fertility is on transition. Nepal is a country in South Asia where the fertility has declined and son is valued highly. This study examines the parent's gender preference for children and its effect on fertility and reproductive behaviors. Methods: Study was conducted in Sonapur village development committee of Sunsari district among women of Tharu community of reproductive age (15-49) currently in union and having at least one child. Data was collected by house to house survey. Data was analyzed with IBM SPSS 20 version. Multinomial and binary logistic regression were used to analyze the relationship among variables.
Fertility Preferences Among Women of Reproductive Age in an Underdeveloped Country
2012
Objectives: To determine fertility preferences with reasons among Pakistani women of reproductive age. Methods : A questionnaire based survey was conducted among 200 married women coming to OBGYN department of Liaquat university hospital Hyderabad, Sindh during the period of September to December 2009.The administered questionnaire served to find the demographic characteristics of women , desired family size and reason for this preference. Ethical consideration and confidentiality was ensured. The data entry, processing and analysis were done using SPSS soft ware No.15 Sample Size: 200 women of reproductive age Results : The mean age of the sample was 29.65±4.92 years. No formal education was attained by 87(43.5%) women and, monthly income less than 10000 was seen in 153(76.5%) with 141 (70.5%) women living in joint family units. One hundred and fourteen (57%) women belonged urban areas of Hyderabad.(Table I) When questioned about desired family size 79(39.5%) responded they want 4 ...
Gender Preference and Contraceptive use In India: Some realities from NFHS 3 (2005-2006
The gender biases and a strong preference for male children are two patriarchal constraints in India which have restrained the growth of full potential in the country. The analysis explores the extent of use of contraceptive according to the sexual preference and its effect on family planning practices as well as it sees the variation in sex preference and contraceptive use in different categories. In this study, it has been observed son preference very strong and pervasive. It is mostly observed that couples having more surviving sons are more likely not to desire additional children. When couples have had one or more sons, they are more likely to accept contraception. Son preference has also been reported to be an important reason for the use of prenatal sex identification tests and sex-specific abortions. From the study above we can infer that there is a strong relation between son preference and contraceptive use. The preference of sons will lead to the less use of contraceptives. When there is a desire for a male baby, and if the first two baby is a girl then the use of contraceptive is low as compared to the couples who have already got their preferred sex .So here we can clearly see that there is strong sex preference and the use of contraception also depends upon people's choices about the sex of the child they want. When the couples get the desired sex of the child, they start practicing contraceptive use.
Asian Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, 2017
Son preference is regarded as an institution with aspects such as patrilineality, patrilocality and the increased utility of sons over daughters. The desire for sons leads to unfavorable consequences for daughters such as unequal access to resources, abortion, and female infanticide. Without understanding why the male-child preference is there in the society, further reduction in the fertility may become increasingly more difficult to achieve unless there is concomitant decline in the preference for the male-child. An attempt has been made in this study to explore the relationship between son preference and associated socioeconomic factors. The present study is entirely based on primary data collected from rural and urban areas of Cooch Behar district, West Bengal. The sample units of the study are women of reproductive age (15-49 years) who are currently in union with their partners, non-sterilized and willing to give birth in future. It was found that age at marriage time, pale of residents, education, working status and standard of living of the respondents are significantly correlated with fertility preference. In addition, factors associated with women's' personal life are more important than social or family life. Therefore, this study recommend governments to take more initiatives to improve the quality of life of women specially in rural areas through schemes related to education, entrepreneurship etc. Moreover, ground level implementation of policies to discourage early marriage among girls, promoting use of contraception is required.
11.Role of Gender in Contraceptive Use among Currently Married Women in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar
In India there is noticeable regional variation in gender preference and contraceptive use. Preference for son is often assumed to be a significant barrier to fertility reduction. Thus in this context present study tries to explore the association between gender preference and contraceptive use among currently married women in states Uttar Pradesh (UP) and Bihar of India using dataset of National Family Health Survey (NFHS-III), 2005-06 and Family Welfare Year Book 2001. The study reveals about 83 percent women having no sons have desire for more children in UP whereas this value goes up to 87 percent for Bihar. Study also reflects that only 18 and 6 percent women with no living son in UP and Bihar respectively are using any contraception indicating high preference for male child. Therefore it is concluded that the son preference have significant and strong impact on acceptance of any family planning method.
National Journal of Community Medicine, 2017
Introduction: Though the overall sex ratio in India has increased by 0.75% in the last decade, the child sex ratio between 0-6 years age group has dropped to all time low since independence to 914 females against 1000 males. Decreased child sex ratio has been observed in Karnataka including Mysore district in the last decade. Hence a study was considered for the gender preferences for the desired fertility. Objectives: The study conducted to determine the sex preference for desired fertility among eligible couples and also to assess factors influencing child sex ratio. Methodology: Cross sectional study among rural population of Mysore district consisted a total of 402 eligible couples. Data regarding various basic socio‑demographic characteristics & village-level economic development were collected. Results: The study showed that 97.51 % of women want at least one girl child in the family. Majority of women 50.99% had equal preference for of boys and girls. Conclusion: It would be to better understand & work towards finding the motivations and social norms of the women and communities who do not express a son preference.
Role of Gender in Contraceptive Use among Currently Married Women in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar
In India there is noticeable regional variation in gender preference and contraceptive use. Preference for son is often assumed to be a significant barrier to fertility reduction. Thus in this context present study tries to explore the association between gender preference and contraceptive use among currently married women in states Uttar Pradesh (UP) and Bihar of India using dataset of National Family Health Survey (NFHS-III), 2005-06 and Family Welfare Year Book 2001. The study reveals about 83 percent women having no sons have desire for more children in UP whereas this value goes up to 87 percent for Bihar. Study also reflects that only 18 and 6 percent women with no living son in UP and Bihar respectively are using any contraception indicating high preference for male child. Therefore it is concluded that the son preference have significant and strong impact on acceptance of any family planning method.
Sex Preference and Contraceptive Use in Manipur
Sociological Bulletin, 2006
This paper analyses sex preference for children in Manipur under the assumption that couples satisfied with sex composition of children resort to contraceptive practice to discontinue childbearing. The study is based on primary data on sex composition of living children and contraceptive use collected from a representative sample of currently married women spread over all the districts in the state of Manipur. The analysis reveals that there is moderate son preference invariant of residence and socioeconomic background, but not at the cost of balance sex composition of a boy and a girl. Not all women are satisfied with 'only daughters', though 'only sons' in the family is acceptable. Son preference is stronger among illiterate and nonworking women and women above 30 years of age.
International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 2009
We examine the influence of family size and composition on reproductive behavior in three South Asian countries-Nepal, India, and Bangladesh-that are known for strong son preference. Using data from recent Demographic and Health Surveys, we analyze whether the choice of contraceptive method adopted (modern versus traditional; temporary versus permanent) and desire for another child differ by parity and sex composition of surviving children. In addition, for India we pool data for four northern states (Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh) and four southern states (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu) in order to capture the north-south variation within the country. We also compare West Bengal and Bangladesh to understand how son preference in these culturally similar regions affects fertility desires and contraceptive adoption. The effects of parity and sex composition on fertility desire and contraceptive use are estimated using binary and multinomial logistic regression after controlling for key socioeconomic factors, including education, work status, media exposure, household wealth status, woman's participation in household decision-making, and urban/rural residence. We find that, independent of socioeconomic factors, women with more sons have a lower desire to have another child and are more likely to use contraception than those with more daughters. These effects are more prominent in Nepal and India than in Bangladesh. Within India, the effects are stronger in north India than in south India or West Bengal. However, considerable proportions of women also express a desire for at least one daughter, especially in Bangladesh after having a son. There is a clear shift towards permanent methods of contraception with an increase in the number of sons, but we find no systematic pattern in the use of traditional methods by parity or sex composition of children. We conclude that son preference remains widespread in all three countries, and it has a major influence on reproductive behavior. The preference for boys is embedded in the cultural and traditional beliefs of these countries. Reducing such preference would require a change in social norms and attitudes of the people and an improvement of the status of women within the household.
Role of men in fertility and family planning in a peri-urban community in Punjab, India
International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health, 2013
Background: It is a well-documented fact that men's general knowledge and attitudes concerning the ideal family size, sex preference of children, ideal spacing between child births and contraceptive method use greatly influence women's preferences and opinions. However, fertility and family planning research and programmes have ignored men's role in the past, focussing their attention on women's attitudes and behaviours in matters concerning reproduction. Aims & Objective: To assess men's attitude towards family planning & to compare in which ways and to what extent the men's attitude differs from their wives and its implications for future family planning programs. Material and Methods: A cross sectional survey was carried out in 305 eligible couples in Shahid Bhagat Singh Colony of Rajpura, Punjab. Information pertaining to the couple's socio-demographic data, fertility intentions & attitude towards contraception was collected. Results: It was observed that among the women whose spouse approved of their contraceptive usage, 41.3% of the women were using contraceptives and 58.7% were not using any contraceptive. 79.7% of the women who had frequent (more often) discussions with their partners were currently using contraceptives and 20.3% did not use any form of contraceptives despite frequent discussions. As regards perception of ideal family size it was observed that in 68.7% (95 % CI: 63.2-74.2%) of cases there was agreement between husband and wife about the number of children that they should ideally have. Conclusion: Men's fertility intentions, reproductive preferences and their attitude towards family planning seem to influence the fertility behaviour of their wives and their attitude towards the use of contraceptives. Therefore an attempt to promote reproductive health through increasing use of contraceptives needs to be made and family planning programmes need to target men specifically at all levels of the programme.