IJOT032022 protestants (original) (raw)

IJOT172022 Earliest International Document protecting Protestants is an Ottoman Ferman.

IJOT 17, 2022

Abstract The Protestant movement, which changed Europe definitively from Mediaeval Europe to Modern Europe, has been accepted after a very violent struggle of more than one hundred years, starting in 1517, when Martin Luther, professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg and town preacher, wrote the Ninety-Five Theses against the contemporary practices of the Church with respect to indulgences, etc. The Roman CatholicChurch, practically the only Christian church in Western Europe, reacted very violently. The Dutch who massly converted to Protestantism although Calvinist variant were harshly suppressed by Catholic Lords from Spain. Violent Dutch independence War that lasted from 1568 until 1648and the Thirty Years’ War 1618–1648. Protestantism as a European religion was accepted at the end with peace in Westphalia in 1648 when the new European order of states were formed and Protestantism was legalized and accepted by teh Catholic States and Church. As such, the Westphalia Peace Treaty was considered the first international legal document that accepted Protestantism. There is another neglected international document, however, composed thirty-six years earlier than the Westphalia agreement (1612) that for the first time recognized Protestantism (under the name of Lutheranism). In this document of Turkish Sultan Ahmed I the members of the new form of Christianity were put under the protection of Turkish Sultan. This document as such is the earliest document that recognizes Protestantism and is the subject of this article. 1. Dutch Uprising

The Role of Ottoman Empire in Protestant Reform

In 1517, Martin Luther published his Ninety-Five Theses by hanging it on the door of the Wittenberg Church, marking the beginning of the Protestant Reformation in Europe. At the same time, however, significant developments were unfolding elsewhere in the region. The Ottoman Empire, at the height of its military and political power, was experiencing its most glorious era. The Ottomans advanced into Habsburg lands, conquered present-day Hungary, and maintained constant pressure on Austria. They also pursued a "balance of power" policy with other European actors. Meanwhile, the Habsburgs found themselves under threat from the above-mentioned two entirely different forces. This study emphasizes the interactions between these two actors as they confronted the common Habsburg "enemy." The primary focus is on the role each played in the other's affairs, particularly the impact of the Ottoman Empire on the success of the movement initiated under Martin Luther's leadership. The political, religious, social, and economic factors that led to the Protestant Reformation are analyzed, and the perception of the "Turk" in 16th-century Europe is explored to better contextualize Martin Luther's claims. The findings of the study suggest that, although the Ottoman Empire did not form a visible alliance with Protestant leaders, their military successes occupied much of the Habsburgs' attention and indirectly provided a space for Protestant movements to grow. Additionally, the study concludes that the religious and martial characteristics of the Ottomans, as well as the "Turkish" image they projected onto Europeans, were exploited by various parties as a propaganda tool. Keywords: Martin Luther, Reformation, Protestantism, Catholic Church, Ottoman Empire, History of Religions

Protestant minorities in European states and nations

National Identities, 2009

Little attention has been paid in the recent scholarly literature to Europe's old religious conflicts, in particular those that stem from the reformation. Yet for long religiously informed conflict was the principal source of internal state division and the major perceived threat to state stability and security. This paper looks at the institutional changes and cultural renegotiations which allowed traditional religious oppositions, rivalries and conflicts to fade in most contemporary European societies.

Law and the Protestant Reformation

Heikki Pihlajamäki, Markus Dubber & Mark Godfrey, eds., The Oxford Handbook of European Legal History, 2018

The sixteenth-century Protestant Reformation revolutionized not only theology and the church, but also law and the state. This northern European reform movement, though divided into Lutheran, Anabaptist, Anglican, and Calvinist branches, collectively broke the international rule of the medieval Catholic Church and its canon law, and permanently splintered Western Christendom into competing nations and regions. The Reformation also triggered a massive shift of power, property, and prerogative from the church to the state. Protestant states now assumed jurisdiction over numerous subjects and persons previously governed by the medieval church, and they gave new legal form to Protestant teachings. But these new Protestant laws also drew heavily on the medieval ius commune as well as on earlier biblical and Roman jurisprudence. This chapter analyses the new legal syntheses that emerged in Protestant lands, with attention to the new laws of church-state relations, religious and civil freedom, marriage and family law, education law, social welfare law, and accompanying changes in legal and political philosophy.

Protestant Reformation and Modern Law

The theory of the modern Law and State is created and developed in the context of the wars of religion. The different Protestant trends generate different models of Church which decisively influence the secular organization . Religious freedom is the ontological foundation of the state. A private translation and summary of the book originally published in Spanish: Reforma protestante y Estado moderno, editorial Civitas, Madrid 1985; second edition, Editorial Comares, Granada 2008

Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation Paul A. Bishop

The beginning and later growth of the Protestant Reformation of the 16 th century was seen as a new challenge to religious authority that went beyond the Roman Catholic Church. Many viewed it as a threat to the whole social structure of society, from the monarch on down. As protest and dissent against the Church began to increase, several individuals would rise to prominence in Europe. These men would lead the Reformation and at the same time create a new religious structure within Christendom.