Solid-state chemistry of lithium power sources† (original) (raw)
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Lithium versus Mono/Polyvalent Ion Intercalation: Hybrid Metal Ion Systems for Energy Storage
Chemical record (New York, N.Y.), 2018
The energy storage by redox intercalation reactions is, nowadays, the most effective rechargeable ion battery. When lithium is used as intercalating agents, the high energy density is achieved at an expense of non-sustainability. The replacement of Li with cheaper monovalent ions enables to make greener battery alternatives. The utilization of polyvalent ions instead of Li permits to multiplying the battery capacity. Contrary to Li , the realization of quick and reversible intercalation of bigger monovalent and of polyvalent ions is a scientific challenge due to kinetic constraints, polarizing ion effects and Coulomb interactions. Herein we provide a vision how to make the intercalation of these ions feasible. The idea is to perform dual intercalation of ions having different charges, radii, preferred coordination and diffusion pathway topology. All these features are demonstrated by the recent knowledge on selective and non-selective intercalation properties of oxides and polyanion...
Lithium-Intercalation Oxides for Rechargeable Batteries
Since the introduction of the Li x C/LiCoO 2 cell, rechargeable lithium batteries have become the technology of choice for applications where volume or weight are a consideration (e.g., laptop computers and cell phones). The focus of current research in cathodeactive materials is on less-expensive or higherperformance materials than LiCoO 2 . This article illustrates how first-principles calculations can play a critical role in obtaining the understanding needed to design improved cathode oxides.
Chemistry of Materials, 2005
A nanocrystalline lithium-rich manganese (IV) oxide, synthesized by a low-temperature sol-gel route, is reported as a surprising lithium intercalation host. The composition of the material is very close to Li 2 MnO 3. X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron diffraction, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy analyses establish that the material possesses a nanocrystalline structure, similar to that of the rock salt monoclinic Li 2 MnO 3 , with a crystallite size of about 5 nm. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) analysis at the Mn K edge indicates that the Mn is in the 4+ oxidation state and in a local atomic/ electronic environment similar to that in the rock salt monoclinic Li 2 MnO 3. Unlike the microcrystalline Li 2 MnO 3 , which is known to be electrochemically inactive for lithium intercalation or deintercalation, this nanocrystalline counterpart surprisingly yields a reversible intercalation capacity of 0.71-0.87 Li per formula or 163-200 (mA h)/g and a specific energy density of 400-450 (mW h)/g, at different current rates, with excellent capacity retention over repeated cycling. In situ XAS analysis, conducted during discharge and charge, shows the occurrence of highly reversible Faradaic processes, with reduction and oxidation of Mn. Electrochemical data, namely, low hysteresis in the charge/discharge voltage profiles, excellent cycling performance, and the charge coefficient being constantly at unity, in conjunction with structural data, namely, XAS and XRD collected during/after electrochemical tests showing that the material retains its original structure, establish the excellent electrochemical and structural stability and reversibility of the compound. The role of nanocrystallinity, lack of long-range order, defects, disorder, and nanostructured morphology are discussed to relate to the surprising intercalation properties of this nanocrystalline compound.
Intercalation reaction in lithium-ion battery: effect on cell characteristics
The International Journal of Materials and Engineering Technology (TIJMET), 2023
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are vital components in mobile devices and electric vehicles (EVs) due to their high energy density and long lifespan. However, to meet the rising demand for electrical devices, LIB energy density must be improved further. Anode materials, as a key component of lithium batteries, significantly improve overall energy density. LIBs are a widely utilized electrochemical power source in EVs and energy storage. LIBs have proven to be consistent because of their superior power density, which is directly related to the type of cathode, and extended lifespan in comparison to other types of rechargeable batteries. LIBs are developed with suitable electrolytes through a complex pathway that almost parallels advances in electrode chemistry. This work concentrates on the intercalation of alkali metal ions (Li +) into graphite, summarizing the important advances from experiments and theoretical calculations that underlie the close host-guest relationships and their underlying mechanics. This study elucidates the effect of the intercalation mechanism on the electrode surface to achieve high-performance LIBs. Lithium metal ions in graphite are intercalated into monovalent and multivalent ions in layered electrode materials. This will result in a better understanding of intercalation chemistry in host materials for storage and conversion applications. This review emphasizes the impact of lithium intercalation chemistry on the battery cell using different types of electrode materials to improve its performance. It also studies the influence of the electrode properties on the LIB technology.
Interfaces and Materials in Lithium Ion Batteries: Challenges for Theoretical Electrochemistry
Topics in current chemistry (Cham), 2018
Energy storage is considered a key technology for successful realization of renewable energies and electrification of the powertrain. This review discusses the lithium ion battery as the leading electrochemical storage technology, focusing on its main components, namely electrode(s) as active and electrolyte as inactive materials. State-of-the-art (SOTA) cathode and anode materials are reviewed, emphasizing viable approaches towards advancement of the overall performance and reliability of lithium ion batteries; however, existing challenges are not neglected. Liquid aprotic electrolytes for lithium ion batteries comprise a lithium ion conducting salt, a mixture of solvents and various additives. Due to its complexity and its role in a given cell chemistry, electrolyte, besides the cathode materials, is identified as most susceptible, as well as the most promising, component for further improvement of lithium ion batteries. The working principle of the most important commercial elect...
Lithium batteries: a 50-year perspective, 1959-2009
Solid State Ionics, 2000
The principles for realising commercially successful lithium secondary batteries are now well established. What is necessary during the next decade is the application of sophisticated solid state chemistry and materials science in order to find optimised solutions to the many conflicting requirements placed on the battery materials.
Recent Advances on Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Energies
Environmental issues related to energy consumption are mainly associated with the strong dependence on fossil fuels. To solve these issues, renewable energy sources systems have been developed as well as advanced energy storage systems. Batteries are the main storage system related to mobility, and they are applied in devices such as laptops, cell phones, and electric vehicles. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are the most used battery system based on their high specific capacity, long cycle life, and no memory effects. This rapidly evolving field urges for a systematic comparative compilation of the most recent developments on battery technology in order to keep up with the growing number of materials, strategies, and battery performance data, allowing the design of future developments in the field. Thus, this review focuses on the different materials recently developed for the different battery components—anode, cathode, and separator/electrolyte—in order to further improve LIB system...
Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2020
Rechargeable lithium-based battery is hailed as next-generation high-energy-density battery systems. However, growth of lithium dendrites, shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides intermediates and unstable interphase of high-voltage intercalation-type cathodes largely prevent their practical deployment. Herein, to fully conquer the three challenges via one strategy, a novel electrolyte with highlycoordinated solvation structure-in-nonsolvent is designed. On account of the particular electrolyte structure, the shuttle effect is completely suppressed by quasi-solid conversion of S species in Li-S batteries, with a stable cycle performance even at lean electrolyte (5 lL mg À1). Simultaneously, in-situ-formed highly-fluorinated interphases can not only lower Li + diffusion barrier to ensure uniform nucleation of Li but also improve stability of NCM cathodes, which enable excellent capacity retention of LikLiNi 0.5 Co 0.2 Mn 0.3 O 2 batteries under conditions toward practical applications (high loading of 2.7 mAh cm À2 and lean electrolyte of 5 mL Ah À1). Besides, the electrolyte is also nonflammable. This electrolyte structure offers useful guidelines for the design of novel organic electrolytes for practical lithium-based batteries.