A review of the immunopathogenesis of Brucellosis (original) (raw)
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The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2007
Human brucellosis still presents scientists and clinicians with several challenges, such as the understanding of pathogenic mechanisms of Brucella spp, the identifi cation of markers for disease severity, progression, and treatment response, and the development of improved treatment regimens. Molecular studies have shed new light on the pathogenesis of Brucella spp, and new technologies have permitted the development of diagnostic tools that will be useful in developing countries, where brucellosis is still a very common but often neglected disease. However, further studies are needed to establish optimum treatment regimens and local and international control programmes. This Review summarises current knowledge of the pathogenic mechanisms, new diagnostic advances, therapeutic options, and the situation of developing countries in regard to human brucellosis.
Risk Factors, Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Importance of Brucellosis
International Journal of Medical Science in Clinical Research and Review, 2022
Brucellosis is an important livestock and human disease in many developing countries for its cause of reproductive disease, characterized by abortion, retained fetal membranes and impaired fertility. The prevalence of brucellosis depends on different risk factors including host risk factors, agent risk factors, management risk factors and occupational risk factors. Genetically, all Brucella species are highly related to each other, exhibiting sequence similarity values of 98% to 100% at nucleotide level (core genome).Despite this close genetic relatedness, the various species can be distinguished from each other by application of high resolution molecular typing tools such as polymerase chain reaction, single nucleotide polymorphism analysis and multi-locus sequence typing or multi-locus sequence in addition to assessment of phenotype and host preference. Each year half a million case of brucellosis occurs in humans around the world. Prevention and control of brucellosis can be adopted realistically through understanding of local and regional variations in animal husbandry practices, social customs, infrastructures and epidemiological patterns of the disease and species of Brucella.
Pathogenesis and Immunobiology of Brucellosis: Review of Brucella-Host Interactions
The American journal of pathology, 2015
This review of Brucella-host interactions and immunobiology discusses recent discoveries as the basis for pathogenesis-informed rationales to prevent or treat brucellosis. Brucella spp., as animal pathogens, cause human brucellosis, a zoonosis that results in worldwide economic losses, human morbidity, and poverty. Although Brucella spp. infect humans as an incidental host, 500,000 new human infections occur annually, and no patient-friendly treatments or approved human vaccines are reported. Brucellae display strong tissue tropism for lymphoreticular and reproductive systems with an intracellular lifestyle that limits exposure to innate and adaptive immune responses, sequesters the organism from the effects of antibiotics, and drives clinical disease manifestations and pathology. Stealthy brucellae exploit strategies to establish infection, including i) evasion of intracellular destruction by restricting fusion of type IV secretion system-dependent Brucella-containing vacuoles with...
Brucellosis: Current Status Of The Disease And Future Perspectives
Postepy Mikrobiologii, 2020
Brucellosis is a transmissible bacterial zoonotic disease caused by Gram-negative coccobacillus bacteria of the genus Brucella. The disease severely hinders the livestock industry and human health. In several instances, infected animals act as carriers for the crossspecies transmission of brucellosis. Social issues, poor husbandry practices, irregularities in the marketing and movement of domestic animals, and lack of coordination between veterinary and human health services are some of the key factors responsible for the transmission and prevalence of Brucellosis. Human contact with infected domestic animals is often the transmission route of Brucellosis infection. Therefore, human brucellosis could be eradicated globally by eradicating animal brucellosis. This review describes the current status of brucellosis and the risk factors of the disease in animals and the human population. In addition, there is a further discussion of the various issues related to the control and prevention of brucellosis in domestic animals and humans.
Pathological Markers for Brucellosis, a Bacterial Challenge: A Review
Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research, 2020
The Brucellosis, caused by Brucellae species is an infectious disease infecting animals and human population. Unlike other bacteria Brucella does not secrete toxin but is pathogenic because of prolonged stay and replication in host. B. melitensis is most virulent among six classified species. In this paper the proteins responsible for virulence, survival and replication like two-component regulatory system BvrR/BvrS (TCS BvrRS) , type IV secretary system and effectors molecules have been discussed from different perspective to target and inhibit Brucellae inter cellular growth. The various defined effectors may be possible target for inhibitors for future. Genetically the Brucella chromosome II having pathogenic virB operon maybe engineered for regulation and expression .The available vaccines and inhibitors against bacterial infections are highlighted with side effects . There is urgent need to redesign fool proof vaccines and drugs to protect animals and human population before it...
Recent Advances in Understanding Immunity Against Brucellosis: Application for Vaccine Development
The Open Veterinary Science Journal, 2010
Brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease of nearly worldwide distribution. This pathogen causes abortion in cattle and undulant fever, arthritis, endocarditis and meningitis in human. The immune response against B. abortus involves innate and adaptive immunity involving antigen-presenting cells, NK cells and CD4 + and CD8 + T cells. IFN-is a crucial immune component that results from Brucella recognition by host immune receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that lead to IL-12 production. Although great efforts to elucidate immunity against Brucella have been employed, the subset of cells and factors involved in host immune response remains not completely understood. Our group and others have been working in an attempt to understand the mechanisms involved in innate responses to Brucella. Understanding the requirements for immune protection can help the design of alternative vaccines that would avoid the drawbacks of currently available vaccines to Brucella. This review discusses recent studies in host immunity to Brucella and new approaches for vaccine development.
Correlation of antigenic expression with progress in antibiotic therapy of acute human brucellosis
Journal of Medical Microbiology, 2005
Human brucellosis is a zoonotic disease which is endemic in Saudi Arabia. The aim of this study was to investigate the humoral immune responses and identify the target antigens that persist at different stages in human brucellosis during antibiotic therapy. To do this, an acute case of accidental nosocomial infection was studied experimentally. Blood was collected from the patient at the time of diagnosis, and at weekly intervals during therapy until remission. IgG and IgM immunoblotting was used to characterize specific antigenic determinants, and ELISA antibody titration was performed to quantify the circulating antibodies. Results indicated that protein bands of 12-13 . 5 kDa bound IgG in the patient's sera but did not bind IgM on immunoblots and are probably not specific for, or important in, early stage infections. However, an 18 kDa band persisted during infection through remission. The pivotal and most important findings were that the number of protein bands seen on immunoblots, the magnitude of ELISA antibody titres and the concomitant changes in the intensity of the polypeptide bands of 42-43 kDa were positively correlated with the stage of infection. High numbers of anti-IgG and -IgM immunoblot bands coupled with high ELISA antibody titres and a concomitant increase in intensity of the 42-43 kDa bands were positively correlated with acute and severe infection. Conversely, a reduction in the number of polypeptide bands as well as a decrease in the intensity, until the complete disappearance of the 42-43 kDa bands, coupled with low (baseline) ELISA antibody titration values indicated successful treatment and remission. The routine use of the methods described here to ascertain the stage of the disease, assess the progress of antimicrobial therapy and monitor cases of relapse in human brucellosis is suggested.
Brucellosis : Review on Routine and Molecular Technique for Diagnosis of Neglected Disease
International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology, 2023
Brucellosis is a zoonotic infection transmitted from animals to humans through the consumption of contaminated food, direct contact with an infected animal, or inhalation of aerosols. The latter method is extremely effective given the relatively low concentration of organisms required to induce infection in humans and has put this centuries-old disease back in the spotlight. Brucella is a facultative intracellular pathogen that has the ability to survive and multiply in phagocytes and cause abortion in cattle and ripple fever in humans. Brucella spp., especially B. Abortus, B. melitensis, and B. suis pose a serious public health problem. B. melitensis is the most common cause of human brucellosis in India. Human brucellosis still poses several challenges for clinicians and scientists, including understanding the pathogenic mechanism, severity, and progression, and developing improved therapeutic regimens. Molecular studies have shed light on the pathogenesis of Brucella to develop new diagnostic tools that will be useful in developing countries where brucellosis is a common but often overlooked disease. This overview brings together all these questions, especially pathogenicity and new diagnostic tools.