Salivary cortisol as a biomarker in stress research (original) (raw)
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Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2011
Stress is a multidimensional construct. To accurately represent stress physiology, multiple stress measures across multiple stress-related systems should be assessed. However, associations may be masked given that different systems underlie different time courses. Salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase (sAA) are reliable biological stress markers of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamus pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, respectively. Studies examining the link between sAA and cortisol levels in response to stress have produced inconsistent results. Here, we investigated whether the covariance of stress-induced sAA and cortisol release is dependent on the distinct temporal dynamics of the two stress markers. A total of 50 male participants were exposed to a psychological laboratory stressor with high frequency (2-min interval) saliva sampling in two independent studies. Synchronized time series of sAA and cortisol measures before, during and after stress induction were obtained. Cross-correlation analysis was applied to test for the association of sAA and cortisol levels at various stages relative to the onset of the stressor. Positive and negative cross-correlations between lagged pairs of sAA and cortisol measures were found in both studies. The strongest correlation was found for sAA preceding cortisol release by 13.5 min (r = .27, p < .001). With a smaller effect size cortisol also significantly preceded sAA by 13.5 min (r = À.16, p < .001). We suggest that sAA and cortisol stress responses are reliably associated at various time lags throughout a stressful situation. As a possible connection site between HPA axis and SNS that may underlie sAA-cortisol associations, we discuss CRF neurons of the hypothalamus involved in sympathetic regulation. #
The aim of this chapter was to analyze associations between measures of cortisol in saliva and mental health and to see if divergent results were functions of the methods used. Measures of mental health outcome included Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), symptoms of depression, and symptoms of anxiety, Burnout (BO), and Vital Exhaustion (VE). Only studies on otherwise healthy individuals were included. Cortisol measures were grouped into single time point measures, measures of deviations, laboratory test responses, Area Under the Curve (AUC), and response to dexamethasone. Some consistency is seen for MDD, mainly higher mean levels. The results regarding single measures and depressive mood are less consistent, but the overall picture for depression shows poorer diurnal deviation and response to stress. Inconsistency among papers studying depression seems to be related mainly to the study population. Very few significant findings were found for anxiety, therefore cortisol does not seem...
Analyze of Saliva Cortisol as Biomarker in Healthy Distressed Subjects
Revista de Chimie
Stress investigation especially in young healthy adults is a main mental health issue due to its individual and social consequences on long term. In order to characterize physiological, pathological and biochemical mechanisms of stress response, several biomarkers were proposed. Among these, the evaluation of the salivary biomarkers represents a fast and simple procedure, both in healthy subjects and patients. Saliva contains a wide range of parameters reflecting physiologic endocrine and immune responses, such as biologically active form of certain hormones (e.g. cortisol), growth factors, immune molecules. The present article is focused on cortisol evaluation as possible biomarker of stress and its analyze in the context of literature data.
Perceived Stress, Psychological Resources and Salivary Cortisol. In
The aim of this chapter was to analyze associations between measures of cortisol in saliva with measures of perceived stress, using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and of psychological resources in terms of mastery, locus of control, self-esteem and sense of coherence. Only studies on healthy individuals were included and cortisol measures were grouped into single time point measures, deviation measures, Area Under the Curve (AUC), laboratory test responses, and dexamethasone suppression. For both Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and for psychological resources, most results of associations with saliva cortisol were nonsignificant particularly for single measures and for cortisol awakening response. For PSS the largest proportion of significant findings (38%) was seen for morning AUC, however with conflicting results. For psychological resource constructs, mastery and sense of coherence were related to lower cortisol level at baseline in standardized rest and high mastery was related ...
An investigation into the relationship between salivary cortisol, stress, anxiety and depression
Biological …, 2003
This study examined the relationship between indices of self-reported emotional distress and absolute versus change in cortisol levels. Fifty-four women attending a diagnostic breast clinic completed scales measuring stress, anxiety and depression and provided five saliva samples over the course of a single day for the measurement of cortisol. No significant relationships were evident between absolute cortisol levels and the distress measures. Analysis of the change in cortisol levels revealed a non-linear interaction effect between stress and anxiety and time of day. There was a non-linear relation between time of day and cortisol levels, but the extent of the non-linearity was dependent upon levels of stress and anxiety, not depression. A relationship was apparent between indices of distress and change in cortisol levels, but not absolute levels of the hormone. # (K. Vedhara). Biological Psychology 62 (2003) 89 Á/96 www.elsevier.com/locate/biopsycho 0301-0511/02/$ -see front matter # 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 3 0 1 -0 5 1 1 ( 0 2 ) 0 0 1 2 8 -X
Determination of cortisol levels in plasma and saliva in women exposed to chronic stress
Stomatoloski glasnik Srbije, 2008
Introduction: It is known fact from the literature data that acute and chronic stress influence serum cortisol level. As with serum cortisol, the level of cortisol in saliva is also a reliable marker of stress. Material and method: this study was performed on 25 individuals, females, age 40-50 years. The participants were exposed to long term stress, held two jobs of 8 working hours, six days a weak, domestic work was not included. All of them were high educated, and none of them were on other medication therapy Aim: The Aim of this study was to evaluate possible differences in cortisol levels in stimulated and non stimulated saliva and serum and determine their association with long term stress. Results: Obtained results showed that cortisol level in saliva do not depend on saliva flow rate and increases in the afternoon period in individuals exposed to chronic stress. Correlation (r) between salivary cortisol and plasma cortisol is r= 0.91. Non-invasive sampling procedure suggests...
Salivary Cortisol: A Life Stage Examination
This paper examines the assessment of salivary cortisol and offers many examples of its usefulness not only in assessing immune response, but also in assessing domains of HPA axis functioning and identifying its relationships with many aspects of physical and psychological health throughout life. After describing an overview of salivary cortisol assessment, a fairly detailed review of current research on HPA axis and cortisol reactivity focuses on the sources of variation in salivary cortisol assessment, followed by an examination of salivary cortisol across life stages from birth through aging. Through this review the critical role of cortisol in everyday life is illustrated in support of and preparation for its future use in research. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the potential implications of cortisol measurement in future research.
Salivary cortisol in stress research
Background and purpose: The measurement of salivary cortisol provides a stress-free, noninvasive collection procedure, which reflects the changes in plasma levels of the hormone. The aims of the present study were to determine the level of stress displayed by healthy patients who underwent different types of routine dental treatment procedures and to detect possible correlation between cortisol and oxidative stress in periodontal disease. Material and Methods: 36 subjects took part in this study. Patients received routine dental procedures or underwent oral surgery. The physiologic stress response was determined using salivary cortisol assessment.Total antioxidant capacity of saliva and uric acid were also measured. Salivary cortisol assessment was made in whole saliva by an ELISA extraction-free technique using a Serozyme Cortisol kit ( ADALTIS, Italy) for serum and urine and adapted to saliva. Method s sensibility for saliva is 0,55 ng/mL.. Uric acid was measured by uricase using a kit from Diamedix and the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) using the spectrophotometric assay, also called "Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity"(TEAC). This method is adaptations of the ABTS assay Results: Cortisol levels are influenced by the duration and types of treatment and anesthesia.
2020
OBJECTIVES: Many studies use stimulated saliva for the assessment of cortisol. However, it is not yet clear how stimulation affects the fl ow of specifi c markers. The aim was to assess whether stimulation of salivation affects the physiological fl ow of cortisol during a stressing day as compared to an ordinary day. The second aim was to show how the normalising factor affects the outcome of the study. METHODS: Stimulated saliva was taken from 42 children at 8:00 a.m. and 12:00 a.m. on two separate days one month apart. During the fi rst day, the children were exposed to stress situation, while the second day was considered a control day. The concentration of cortisol was analysed using ELISA. RESULTS: The highest level of cortisol was observed in the morning of the stress day (p < 0.001). The correction of the result for the salivary protein concentration showed no signifi cant differences between morning and afternoon cortisol levels on both the testing (p = 0.87) and control days (p > 0.99). CONCLUSION: Based on our results, the examination of the cortisol diurnal rhythm is not reliable in stimulated saliva. Moreover, the effect of saliva stimulation has to be taken into account for every marker individually (Fig. 2, Ref. 22). Text in PDF www.elis.sk.