Effect of the harvest stage on the chemical composition and bioactivity of Moroccan Artemisia herba alba essential oils (original) (raw)
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As part of the valorization of medicinal and aromatic plants in Morocco, we studied the effect of the provenance on the yield, chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Artemisia herba alba. The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from branches were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The most abundant compounds identified vary according to their origins: á-thujone (17,52 to 48,91%), chrysanthenone (26,64 to 48,11%), 1-4 cineole (0,32 to 9,7%), artemisia alcohol (1,83 to 8,65%), camphor (0,04 to 6,68%) and á-pinene (2,21 to 6,42%).. The influence of the provenance on the antimicrobial activity of these essential oils was also highlighted.
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The intraspecific chemical variability of essential oils (50 samples) isolated from the aerial parts of Artemisia herba-alba Asso growing wild in the arid zone of Southeastern Tunisia was investigated. Analysis by GC (RI) and GC/MS allowed the identification of 54 essential oil components. The main compounds were b-thujone and a-thujone, followed by 1,8-cineole, camphor, chrysanthenone, transsabinyl acetate, trans-pinocarveol, and borneol. Chemometric analysis (k-means clustering and PCA) led to the partitioning into three groups. The composition of two thirds of the samples was dominated by athujone or b-thujone. Therefore, it could be expected that wild plants of A. herba-alba randomly harvested in the area of Kirchaou and transplanted by local farmers for the cultivation in arid zones of Southern Tunisia produce an essential oil belonging to the a-thujone/b-thujone chemotype and containing also 1,8-cineole, camphor, and trans-sabinyl acetate at appreciable amounts. Introduction.-Artemisia herba-alba Asso (Asteraceae) is a silvery-green, perennial dwarf shrub growing in semiarid and arid climates. This species is known as desert wormwood in English, armoise blanche in French, and chih in Arab, and it is characteristic of the steppes and deserts of the Middle East (Egypt and Israel), North Africa (Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco), and Southern Europe (Spain and Italy), extending into the Northwestern Himalaya [1]. In Tunisia, A. herba-alba is found from the mountains around Jebel Oust (Fahs) until the South of the country [2] [3]. The aerial parts of A. herba-alba are widely used in the traditional medicine to treat diabetes, bronchitis, diarrhea, and neuralgias [4-6]. The essential oil of this species is known for its disinfectant, anthelmintic, and antispasmodic therapeutic virtues [7]. Also the antibacterial and the antispasmodic activities of A. herba-alba essential oil from various chemotypes have been examined [8]. Moreover, the oil exhibited antileishmanial [9], spasmolytic [10], and antimutagenic activity against the carcinogen benzopyrene [11]. According to Lawrence [12] and Salido et al. [13], the aerial parts of A. herba-alba produce an essential oil characterized by a tremendous chemical variability. Various chemotypes have been reported in almost all the countries where A. herba-alba grows wild. Briefly, two types of oils could be distinguished: i) oils with a composition dominated by one major compound, i.e., camphor, a-thujone, b-thujone, chrysanthenone, chrysanthenyl acetate, or davanone, and ii) oils characterized by the occurrence at appreciable contents of two or more of these compounds.
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This review covers literature data summarizing, on one hand, the chemistry of essential oils and, on the other hand, their most important activities. Essential oils, which are complex mixtures of volatile compounds particularly abundant in aromatic plants, are mainly composed of terpenes biogenerated by the mevalonate pathway. These volatile molecules include monoterpenes (hydrocarbon and oxygenated monoterpens), and also sesquiterpenes (hydrocarbon and oxygenated sesquiterpens). Furthermore, they contain phenolic compounds, which are derived via the shikimate pathway. Thanks to their chemical composition, essential oils possess numerous biological activities (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, etc. . .) of great interest in food and cosmetic industries, as well as in the human health field.
A status review on the medicinal properties of essential oils
Essential oils (EOs) are complex mixtures of low molecular weight compounds extracted from plants by steam distillation and various solvents. Terpenoids and phenylpropanoids are the major constituents which provide characteristic aroma and biological properties to EOs. Essential oils are prescribed for a variety of health problems by traditional systems of medicine, all over the world. Various pharmaceutical and biological activities like, antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antimutagenic, antidiabetic, antiviral, antiinflammatory, and antiprotozoal properties are assigned to them. Extensive phytochemical analysis has lead to the characterization and identification of major components of EOs which are of wide interest, especially to cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Current status of the bio-active properties of EOs and their medicinal potential are covered in this review.
Planta medica, 2014
The objective of this study was the valorization of the essential oils from Spanish Artemisia absinthium domesticated plants from Teruel and Sierra Nevada (Spain). These populations were experimentally cultivated in the field and under controlled conditions. The insect antifeedant properties of their essential oils collected yearly from two locations were tested against Spodoptera littoralis, Myzus persicae and Rhopalosiphum padi. Additionally we studied their phytotoxic, antifungal and antiparasitic effects. The oils from cultivated A. absinthium were characterized by the presence of cis-epoxyocimene, chrysanthenol, and chrysanthenyl acetate. The variations observed in oil composition were mostly quantitative but also qualitative. (Z)-2,6-Dimethyl-5,7-octadien-2,3-diol has been isolated and identified by NMR. Among the oil samples, these rich in cis-epoxyocimene and sesquiterpenes were the most active ones against S. littoralis. (Z)-2,6-Dimethyl-5,7-octadien-2,3-diol showed moderate activity against S. littoralis. The strongest antifeedant effects were found for commercial A. absinthium oil samples rich in thujones and sabinyl acetate. F. oxysporum and F. solani were affected by oils from cultivated A. absinthium and commercial oil samples. Oils from cultivated A. absinthium showed antiparasitic effects against Leishmania infantum and Trypanosoma cruzi with better results than the commercial samples.