Effect of pesticides on beneficial insects by product (original) (raw)
Impact and Selectivity of Insecticides to Predators and Parasitoids
EntomoBrasilis, 2010
Problems with the use of insecticides has brought losses, such as, negative impact on natural enemies. When these beneficial insects reduce cause the eruption of pests and resurgence it’s more common. Thus principles of conservation these arthropods are extremely important in the biological natural control of pests, so that these enemies may present a high performance. Because of the negative impacts caused by insecticides on agriculture and their harmful effects on natural enemies, the objective of this article is to approach two important subjects, divided into three parts. Part I relates to the description of the main crop pests and their natural enemies; Part II involves the impact of insecticides on predators and parasitoids and Part III focuses on the selectivity of several groups of insecticides to natural enemies. Before spraying insecticides, it is necessary to choose a product that is efficient to pests and selective to natural enemies. So, it is indispensable to identify ...
World Journal of Agriculture and Soil Science, 2019
In order to achieving sustainability, integrated pest management (IPM) represents a remarkable improvement over previous conventional approaches, so optimizing the effectiveness of the entomophagy activity of natural enemies of pests is a determining factor. IPM does not necessarily require the suppression of insecticides, but rather affects the need to reduce their dependence, by eliminating unnecessary applications. However, the correct integration of chemical and biological control is essential part of sustainable pest management, for which a correct interpretation of the impact of insecticide treatments, is required. In IPM agroecosystems a great proportion of non-target insects are mainly affected by sublethal dose/ concentration values. A sublethal dose/concentration defined as inducing no apparent mortality in the experimental population. The effects induced have been described affecting biology, physiology, or behavior of individuals or populations that survive to the exposure to a toxicant at lethal or sublethal dose/concentration. The set of behavioral modifications provides insects with an escape mechanism from the toxic effects of pesticides, which has been called behavioral resistance, as the first barrier or detoxification mechanism. For the correct integration of insecticide applications and biological control, the influence of the insecticide side effects on beneficial insects should be evaluated. Recent studies suggest that, as in both conventional olive / IPM orchards, these species frequently show behavioral resistance, while in organic crops, their populations lack it. There seems to be a close relationship between the application of insecticides and the development of behavioral resistant populations. This finding has suggested establishing a practical procedure based on the realization of smallscale field applications, to subsequently monitor beneficial insect reactions, useful for identifying ecological agroecosystems. The implications of the implementation of this new methodology are discussed.
3 Ecological Impacts of Insecticides
2015
Substances capable of killing insects and other pests were discovered by the Persians some 2500 years ago, but it was the Green Revolution since the 1950s that fostered the development of new synthetic pesticides to cope with the demands of the explosive human population. We have now reached 7 billion people and managed to reduce starvation in
Applied Entomology and Zoology, 2001
Pesticides have played a significant role in traditional crop protection during the last five decades. Consequently, high yields have been harvested from treated crops. However, man's eagerness for inventing these much needed chemicals has not allowed for ample establishment of risk reduction measures against their possible adverse effects on non-target organisms. This occurred mostly because crop production was given top priority, and partly because of the poor research and development (R & D) resources in the past. After many years of pesticide use, it is now recognized that application of broad spectrum and non-selective pesticides could pose high risks to beneficial organisms, especially among mite and insect species which usually regulate pest population(s) under natural conditions. Selective pesticides will always be needed in sustainable integrated pest management (IPM) for commercial-crop(s) pests. Pesticide testing methods to determine the effects of pesticides on beneficial mite and insect species are gaining priorities in R & D because of their vital importance to crop protection. In this review paper we examine pesticide testing methods and their evaluation and interpretation on beneficial mite and insect species. The limitations and implications of pesticide effects in IPM and their future prospects are also discussed.
Chemosphere, 2016
Lethal and sublethal effects of insecticides on target and non-target arthropods are a concern of pest management programs. Cycloneda sanguinea, Orius insidiosus and Chauliognathus flavipes are important biological control agents for aphids, whitefly, lepidopterus eggs, thrips and mites. All three test species were subjected to a toxicity study using the insecticides acephate, bifenthrin, chlorantraniliprole, chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam. Experiments were done in the lab and field. In the laboratory we evaluated the mortality and sublethal effects of the concentration that killed 20% of the population (LC20) on feeding, repellence and reproduction of the species tested. The lethal effects of these insecticides at the recommended doses was evaluated in the field. Concentration-response bioassays indicated chlorantraniliprole had the lowest toxicity, while chlorpyrifos and acephate were the most toxic. Test species exposed to filter paper surfaces treated ...
The use of insecticides to control insect pests
2018
Pesticides are used as plants protection products. Among those, insecticides serve as agents to control insects. When incorrectly applied, however these substances may negatively affect people's health and natural environment. Administration routes of insecticides depend on many factors and vary from spraying to fertilizers. These different methods influence how insects prey and how pests develop. Additionally, too frequent use of the same chemicals can lead to development of resistance of insects to these insecticides. In order to prevent occurrence of negative effects of insecticides on surroundings, the effects of these compounds should be studied.
The Sublethal Effects of Pesticides on Beneficial Arthropods
Annual Review of Entomology, 2007
Traditionally, measurement of the acute toxicity of pesticides to beneficial arthropods has relied largely on the determination of an acute median lethal dose or concentration. However, the estimated lethal dose during acute toxicity tests may only be a partial measure of the deleterious effects. In addition to direct mortality induced by pesticides, their sublethal effects on arthropod physiology and behavior must be considered for a complete analysis of their impact. An increasing number of studies and methods related to the identification and characterization of these effects have been published in the past 15 years. Review of sublethal effects reported in published literature, taking into account recent data, has revealed new insights into the sublethal effects of pesticides including effects on learning performance, behavior, and neurophysiology. We characterize the different types of sublethal effects on beneficial arthropods, focusing mainly on honey bees and natural enemies, and we describe the methods used in these studies. Finally, we discuss the potential for developing experimental approaches that take into account these sublethal effects in integrated pest management and the possibility of integrating their evaluation in pesticide registration procedures. 81 Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2007.52:81-106. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org by Dr. Axel Decourtye on 12/15/06. For personal use only. Pollinator: an organism that carries pollen from one flower to another IPM: integrated pest management LD 50 : lethal dose 50% Sublethal effect: an effect (physiological or behavioral) on individuals that survive an exposure to a pesticide (the pesticide dose/concentration can be sublethal or lethal)