Effect of pesticides on beneficial insects by product (original) (raw)
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Indirect Effect of Pesticides on Insects and Other Arthropods
Toxics
Pesticides released to the environment can indirectly affect target and non-target species in ways that are often contrary to their intended use. Such indirect effects are mediated through direct impacts on other species or the physical environment and depend on ecological mechanisms and species interactions. Typical mechanisms are the release of herbivores from predation and release from competition among species with similar niches. Application of insecticides to agriculture often results in subsequent pest outbreaks due to the elimination of natural enemies. The loss of floristic diversity and food resources that result from herbicide applications can reduce populations of pollinators and natural enemies of crop pests. In aquatic ecosystems, insecticides and fungicides often induce algae blooms as the chemicals reduce grazing by zooplankton and benthic herbivores. Increases in periphyton biomass typically result in the replacement of arthropods with more tolerant species such as ...
Impact of Pesticides on Beneficial Insects in Various Agroecosystem: A Review
International Journal of Environment and Climate Change
Beneficial insects play a vital role in natural pest control and pollination in agricultural crops. The use of synthetic pesticides in agricultural areas is harmful to both natural enemies and pollinators. Pesticides impair the survival of a variety of life cycle stages, limit reproductive capability, alter host fitness for parasitising or predation, reduce parasitoids' emergence from sprayed host eggs, and cause direct death. When natural enemies are decreased, pest population dynamics, such as resurgence and secondary pest eruption, may suffer even more devastating repercussions. Pollinator decline decreases agricultural yield. This study intends to investigate the side effects of synthetic and botanical pesticides on beneficial insects in order to provide a foundation for future research into the detrimental effects of synthetic and botanical pesticides on these insects. This information will aid in optimising pesticide use in integrated pest management programmes by implemen...
Effect of Insecticides on Natural-Enemies
Insecticides [Working Title], 2021
Pesticides management options for control of invertebrate pests in many parts of the world. Despite an increase in the use of pesticides, crop losses due to pests have remained largely unchanged for 30–40 years. Beyond the target pests, broad-spectrum pesticides may affect non-target invertebrate species, including causing reductions in natural enemy population abundance and activity, and competition between pest species. Assays of invertebrates against weathered residues have shown the persistence of pesticides might play an important part in their negative impacts on natural enemies in the field. A potential outcome of frequent broad-spectrum pesticide use is the emergence of pests not controlled by the pesticides but benefiting from reduced mortality from natural enemies and competitive release, commonly known as secondary pests.
Impact and Selectivity of Insecticides to Predators and Parasitoids
EntomoBrasilis, 2010
Problems with the use of insecticides has brought losses, such as, negative impact on natural enemies. When these beneficial insects reduce cause the eruption of pests and resurgence it’s more common. Thus principles of conservation these arthropods are extremely important in the biological natural control of pests, so that these enemies may present a high performance. Because of the negative impacts caused by insecticides on agriculture and their harmful effects on natural enemies, the objective of this article is to approach two important subjects, divided into three parts. Part I relates to the description of the main crop pests and their natural enemies; Part II involves the impact of insecticides on predators and parasitoids and Part III focuses on the selectivity of several groups of insecticides to natural enemies. Before spraying insecticides, it is necessary to choose a product that is efficient to pests and selective to natural enemies. So, it is indispensable to identify ...
World Journal of Agriculture and Soil Science, 2019
In order to achieving sustainability, integrated pest management (IPM) represents a remarkable improvement over previous conventional approaches, so optimizing the effectiveness of the entomophagy activity of natural enemies of pests is a determining factor. IPM does not necessarily require the suppression of insecticides, but rather affects the need to reduce their dependence, by eliminating unnecessary applications. However, the correct integration of chemical and biological control is essential part of sustainable pest management, for which a correct interpretation of the impact of insecticide treatments, is required. In IPM agroecosystems a great proportion of non-target insects are mainly affected by sublethal dose/ concentration values. A sublethal dose/concentration defined as inducing no apparent mortality in the experimental population. The effects induced have been described affecting biology, physiology, or behavior of individuals or populations that survive to the exposure to a toxicant at lethal or sublethal dose/concentration. The set of behavioral modifications provides insects with an escape mechanism from the toxic effects of pesticides, which has been called behavioral resistance, as the first barrier or detoxification mechanism. For the correct integration of insecticide applications and biological control, the influence of the insecticide side effects on beneficial insects should be evaluated. Recent studies suggest that, as in both conventional olive / IPM orchards, these species frequently show behavioral resistance, while in organic crops, their populations lack it. There seems to be a close relationship between the application of insecticides and the development of behavioral resistant populations. This finding has suggested establishing a practical procedure based on the realization of smallscale field applications, to subsequently monitor beneficial insect reactions, useful for identifying ecological agroecosystems. The implications of the implementation of this new methodology are discussed.
3 Ecological Impacts of Insecticides
2015
Substances capable of killing insects and other pests were discovered by the Persians some 2500 years ago, but it was the Green Revolution since the 1950s that fostered the development of new synthetic pesticides to cope with the demands of the explosive human population. We have now reached 7 billion people and managed to reduce starvation in
Applied Entomology and Zoology, 2001
Pesticides have played a significant role in traditional crop protection during the last five decades. Consequently, high yields have been harvested from treated crops. However, man's eagerness for inventing these much needed chemicals has not allowed for ample establishment of risk reduction measures against their possible adverse effects on non-target organisms. This occurred mostly because crop production was given top priority, and partly because of the poor research and development (R & D) resources in the past. After many years of pesticide use, it is now recognized that application of broad spectrum and non-selective pesticides could pose high risks to beneficial organisms, especially among mite and insect species which usually regulate pest population(s) under natural conditions. Selective pesticides will always be needed in sustainable integrated pest management (IPM) for commercial-crop(s) pests. Pesticide testing methods to determine the effects of pesticides on beneficial mite and insect species are gaining priorities in R & D because of their vital importance to crop protection. In this review paper we examine pesticide testing methods and their evaluation and interpretation on beneficial mite and insect species. The limitations and implications of pesticide effects in IPM and their future prospects are also discussed.