Estimation of the Moisture Content, Volatile Matter, Ash Content, Fixed Carbon and Calorific Values of Palm Fruit Shell Briquettes (original) (raw)
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Estimation of Combustion Properties of Briquettes Produced from Palm Fruit Shell
International Journal of Engineering Technologies IJET
Agricultural residue briquettes can be used as a fuel for heating, cooking and other domestic and industrial applications. This article explored the potential of using palm fruit shells to make briquettes as an alternative fuel for both domestic and industrial use. This will significantly reduce the problem of deforestation and excessive dependence on fossil fuels and reduce the impact of greenhouse gas emissions generated by trees as a fuel for wood. Cassava starch was used in an amount of 100:15 by weight and the burning properties of the produced palm fruit briquettes were determined. The combustion characteristics of the palm fruit briquettes produced are 7.56% average moisture, 17.45% average volatiles, 6.68% average ash, 68.28% average bound carbon and 9717.74 kcal /kg of average calorific value. These results, compared with the literature, showed that briquettes made from palm husks have good combustion properties, which makes them suitable for domestic applications and small industries.
In this study, an appropriate, cost effective and easy to duplicate manually operated biomass briquetting machine suitable for use in rural communities was developed following standard design procedures. Carbonization of the raw material (Raffia Palm Shells) was done using a laboratory muffle furnace. The developed machine was evaluated for the production of charcoal briquettes using the carbonized Raffia Palm fruit shells, a synthetic gum and cassava starch as binders. The qualities of the produced briquettes were measured in terms of the briquette thermal and physical properties following standard methods. Thermal and physical properties of the optimally produced briquettes using the two binder types and those of the convention hard wood charcoal were statistically compared using a one factor Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The developed briquetting machine had an average throughput capacity of 64kg/hr. Thermal properties of the briquettes and hard wood charcoal ranged from 2.42 -3.83g/min, 7.67 -17.33 min, and 20052.20 -29600.00 kJ/kg for burning rate, ignition time and calorific value respectively. On the other hand the physical properties of the briquettes and hard wood charcoal ranged from 399.63 -523.67 kg/m 3 , 0.72 -1.00, 46.67 -81.90% and 399.63 -470.98kg/m 3 for compressed density, durability index, water resistance capacity and relaxed density respectively. Results of the ANOVA revealed that the thermal and physical properties of the briquettes were significantly affected by the binder type at 95% confidence level. In general, the properties of the studied briquettes compared favorably with those of the conventional hard wood charcoal. It was therefore concluded that Raffia palm shells hold great potentials for use as a raw material for the production of charcoal briquettes for rural household energy utilization. It is however recommended that the drum method of carbonization be employed to enhance the cost-effectiveness of the technology in rural areas.
Physical Properties of Biomass Fuel Briquette from Oil Palm Residues
Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management
Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) and Mesocarp Fibre (MF) were used for the production of fuel briquettes in this study in order to supplement the energy mix of the nation. PKS was pulverized and then sieved into different grain particles of 350 µm, 250 µm and 150 µm, before mixing with MF in the ratios: 90:10, 80:20 and 70:30 (PKS: MF respectively). Cassava Peel (CP) was used as binder for the briquettes. A 200 kN force was exerted during densification while the waiting time for the briquettes to properly form was 120 seconds. Proximate/physical analysis was carried out and the results showed that briquette series of 150 µm (80:20) has the minimum moisture content of 6.00 % while series 350 µm (90:10) recorded the lowest ash content of 1.50 %. Volatile matter of 72.80 % was recorded from series 150 µm (70:30) as the highest of all the series produced. Briquette series of 350 µm (70:30) have the highest fixed carbon and calorific value of 19.90 % and 18.1063 kJ/g, respectively. The results showed that the fuel briquettes from PKS and MF (especially 350 µm series) could serve as alternative source of energy for domestic and industrial applications. © JASEM
Burning Rate and Water Boiling Testsfor Differently Composed Palm Kernel Shell Briquettes
IOSR Journals , 2019
In this work, we have produced and determined some physical and combustion characteristics of biomass briquettesmade with palm kernel shell (PKS) as the major component of interest. We considered four briquette samples. Samples I and II were produced with different compositions of PKS, sawdust, and cement dust which was the binder source. Samples III and IV were composed of only PKS and soaked wastepaper. In this group, the later though also flammable, was the binder source. A fifth sample (Sample V), common firewood from unidentified wood, was used as a control. We conducted burning rate test and water boiling test for the briquettes to determine their suitability as cooking fuel. It was found that the briquettes produced from PKS and wastepaper compared very well with firewood, while those produced with PKS, sawdust and cement also performed well but burnt without flame and with much smoke as the composition of PKS is increased at the expense of sawdust (from Sample I to Sample II). We observed that even though this group of briquettes (PKS/Sawdust/Cement) may not boil water readily, they are suitable for slow cooking and food smoking, as they ensure slow and steady release of heat energy without flame.
Briquetting of charcoal from residue of pyrolyzed palm kernel shells
2019
Pyrolysis of palm kernel shells results a by-product of charcoal, which can then be used as raw material to make briquettes. This research aimed to identify the influence of binder varieties and pyrolysis temperature on the quality of the resulting briquettes. The binders used were tapioca starch and poly(vinyl alcohol) at ratios of 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% and 10%. The parameters tested to identify the quality of the resulting briquettes were compressive strength, water resistance and calorific value. The results showed that with poly(vinyl alcohol) binder, the highest compressive strength obtained was 106 kgf/cm 2 at 9%, whereas the highest compressive strength value for tapioca starch binder was 91 kgf/cm 2 at 10%. The highest water resistance was obtained at 10% for both binders: 70 seconds for poly(vinyl alcohol) and 288 seconds for tapioca starch. The highest calorific value was obtained at 10% for both types of binders: 5541.47 cal/g with poly(vinyl alcohol) and 5494.76 cal/g with ...
Physical Treatment of Oil Palm Shell for Briquette Production as Bioenergy at Remote Area
E3S Web of Conferences
The daily needs of energy in remote areas, Indonesia, is dominated by biomass waste. The abundant types of biomass waste for heat transfer is empty fruits shell (EFS) of oil palm as briquette. This research discussed a brief analysis of oil palm shell by using physical treatment at different crushing pressure. It was also to examine the adequate size of particle for improving the heating value of briquette. The crushing pressure had a height dimension of 20 cm, as well as the briquette mold with a diameter of 2 cm and a height of 1 cm. The oil palm shell which was applied physical treatment at different crushing pressure of 400 J, 550 J, and 700 J, that resulted in particle size is smaller than 800 µm, 800 µm to 1 700 µm, 1 700 µm to 2 000 µm, and bigger than 2 000 µm. The adequate size of particle for briquette was found to be < 800 µm, which reached the heating value of 20 042.32 J g–1 and ash residue of 20 %. This study showed the advantages of oil palm shell briquette by usin...
Preparation of charcoal briquette from palm kernel shells: case study in Ghana
Heliyon, 2020
In Ghana, the potential of palm kernel shells as renewable energy in charcoal production has not been exploited adequately. Using a low-cost instrument (kiln and compressor box) built from local resources, we produced charcoal briquette from palm kernel (Elaeis guineensis) shells. Further, we measured and compared its efficiency using starch as a binder to traditional charcoal and commonly used fuelwood (Acacia) in Cape Coast. Following the American Standards for Testing and Materials (ASTM), the proximate analysis was conducted for all fuels with results indicating that palm kernel shell (PKS) briquette produced had a moisture content of 1.08 %, as compared to 9.25 % in charcoal and 16.00 % in fuelwood. The volatile matter, ash content and fixed carbon recorded were 71.80 %, 0.06 %, and 27.07 % in PKS briquette, 86.00 %, 0.78 %, and 3.97 % in charcoal and 80.50 %, 2.04 %, 1.46 % in fuelwood respectively. The calorific values for charred PKS increased after binding to form the PKS briquette with the highest value among the other fuels. The calorific value for the other fuels were 17.5 MJ/kg for charcoal, 18.72 MJ/kg for charred PKS, and 18.72 MJ/kg for PKS briquette. We also conducted an ignition test, combustion test, fuel burning rate (FBR), and specific fuel consumption (SFC) on PKS briquette and charcoal to determine their suitability as cooking fuels. Charcoal readily ignited as compared to PKS briquette with respective fuel mass of 5.08 g and 25.5 g. The resultant briquette possesses desirable combustion characteristics such as no smoke emissions and ash formation. The FBR and SFC in PKS briquette recorded the highest in comparison with charcoal. The values recorded were 2.84 g/min and 20.05 g/ml respectively while that of charcoal was 0.42 g/ min and 3.48 g/ml respectively. PKS briquette produced from this study showed high calorific value, low moisture content, and a fast burning rate amongst other excellent properties. These properties are potential indicators that the proper utilization and production of PKS briquette as renewable energy in Ghana would contribute to solving the existing energy crisis. Additionally, reduce climate change impacts, via the reduction in the over-dependence on fuelwood and charcoal for domestic and commercial heating.
British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, 2016
In this paper, the lower calorific value of corn cobs, palm kernel shells and tender coconut husks were determined and were respectively 24 760 J/g for corn cobs; 25 096 J/g for palm kernel shells and 16 550 J/g for tender coconut husks. Then, the mixture of different amount of corn cobs and palm kernel shells were made. The determination of their lower calorific value has shown that the mixture of 40% of corn cobs and 60% of palm kernel shells in mass has increased, 25 667 J/g, compared to the initial biochars.These values are lower compared to charcoal one's, 29 061 J/g.To bind the mixture as fuel briquettes, addition of 13.04% in sample total mass of clay is made. Binder decreases samples lower calorific value as 20 842 J/g for corn cobs, 13 527 J/g for tender coconuts husks and 21 377 J/g for palm kernel shells.For the mixture of 50% of corn cobs and 50% of palm kernel shells, lower calorific value decreases less compared to others.
Palm kernel shell biochars (PKSB) ejected as residues from a gasifier have been used for solid fuel briquette production. With this approach, palm kernel shells can be used for energy production twice: first, by producing rich syngas during gasification; second, by compacting the leftover residues from gasification into high calorific value briquettes. Herein, the process parameters for the manufacture of PKSB biomass briquettes via compaction are optimized. Two possible optimum process scenarios are considered. In the first, the compaction speed is increased from 0.5 to 10 mm/s, the compaction pressure is decreased from 80 Pa to 40 MPa, the retention time is reduced from 10 s to zero, and the starch binder content of the briquette is halved from 0.1 to 0.05 kg/kg. With these adjustments, the briquette production rate increases by more than 20-fold; hence capital and operational costs can be reduced and the service life of compaction equipment can be increased. The resulting product satisfactorily passes tensile (compressive) crushing strength and impact resistance tests. The second scenario involves reducing the starch weight content to 0.03 kg/kg, while reducing the compaction pressure to a value no lower than 60 MPa. Overall, in both cases, the PKSB biomass briquettes show excellent potential as a solid fuel with calorific values on par with good-quality coal. Abbreviations: CHNS: carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur; FFB: fresh fruit bunch(es); HHV: higher heating value [J/kg]; LHV: lower heating value [J/kg]; PKS: palm kernel shell(s); PKSB: palm kernel shell biochar(s); POME: palm oil mill effluent; RDF: refuse-derived fuel; TGA: thermogravimetric analysis ARTICLE HISTORY Nomenclature Roman D diameter of sample [m] F maximum force applied to break sample in tensile crushing strength test [N] H height of sample [m] Greek s radial tensile crushing strength [N/m 2 ]
Palm Waste Briquette & Bio-Briquette As Potential Fuel
2010
Excessive amount of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions has increase global warming and is threatening our world right now. Fossil fuel burning for power generation is one of the major sources of those hazardous gases. Considering the current situation, a lot of study on the utilization of biomass to be used as alternative fuel is currently going on. This study is considering the utilization of palm shell and fibre to be used as fuel or either as supplement medium in coal co-firing power plants. Co-firing with biomass is one way to counter the excessive GHG emissions problem since the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) produced from combustion of biomass is equal to the amount of CO2 absorbed during plant growth. This report started with brief introduction of the study which includes the background of study, problem statements and objectives of the study. This report also includes some information in literature review parts where the author explains thoroughly on biomass, advantages and disa...