Internal Insecurity and National Development in Nigeria: Problematizing Herdsmen and Farmers’ Conflicts in Anambra State (original) (raw)
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HERDSMEN/FARMERS CONFLICT AND ITS EFFECTS ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA
Journal of Peace, Security and Development, 2018
Increase in competition for limited resources has often times led to violent conflicts between herdsmen and farmers in many parts of Nigeria. The conflict has in recent years taken more dangerous dimension as the herdsmen now carry sophisticated ammunitions with which they kill and maim perceived opponents at will. This study therefore examines the prevalence of herdsmen-farmers conflict and its effects on socioeconomic development in Nigeria. The study is anchored on frustration aggression theory, and the theory dialectical-materialism. The research adopts qualitative approach to data analysis which relies on secondary sources like journals, textbooks, newspapers and online publications. Results show that the conflicts have resulted to loss of lives, displacement, distrust, destruction of properties etc. The study concluded that the Herdsmen-farmers conflict created food insecurity, distrust and unemployment. The study recommended that State governments should designate grazing fields for the nomadic herdsmen and make them pay tax to the state.
Herdsmen and Farmers Conflict in Nigeria: Another Dimension of Insecurity
2018
The objective of this paper is to understanding the rationale and how specific perennial conflicts between herdsmen and famers in Nigeria are being resolved before 2019 election in Nigeria to enable the people to resume normal life. In doing this we critically examined the perspectives of the disputants and the policy adopted by Federal and some State Governments to resolve it. The study collected data from both primary and secondary sources. And the technique of "content analysis" was used in analyzing the data. This study found that the conflicts created tension not only in areas where there was direct confrontation between the disputants but the conflicts terrorized every community and put them on alert to ensure that both short term and long solution was provided to return the State to a violent free community. Some State Governments made specific policies which include intergroup committees and or after due process of law making in a democratic society, presented open grazing prohibition and establishment of ranches laws to guide behaviors and the resolution of future conflicts that may arise between farmers and herdsmen in their respective States. Yet pocket of threats to life and property continued in some parts of the country to ensure the laws are not enforced and "cattle colonies" were established instead. This paper recommends that both parties to the dispute should continue to exercise restraints, and obey Government policy/law by using institutional approaches to resolve grievances. And a stop should be put to the destruction of life and properties.
THE NATIONAL SECURITY IMPLIC TIONS OF HERDSMEN/FARMERS CONFLICTS IN KOGI STATE
2019
The conflicts between herdsmen and farmers in different parts of Nigeria are one of the major national discourse in recent times because of the security challenges that are involved. This study was carried out to identify the security implications of these conflicts on Kogi State and the nation at large and suggest possible way forward. Data were generated from primary and secondary sources via interviews and literature search derived from earlier research work by these same authors titled "Farmers/Herdsmen Crisis in Kogi State: Security and Developmental Implications". Analyses were qualitatively and quantitatively carried out. Findings reveal gross material, physical and psychological consequences of these conflicts, which suggest that the security implications are alarming. These combine with the existing national security issues facing Nigeria are signs that the country is drifting into a failed state. A policy formulation and implementation that recognizes the role of modernization and political economy to development and good governance are necessary antidotes to this drift.
The Impact of Herdsmen-Farmers' Conflict on National Integration in Nigeria's Fourth Republic By
Herdsmen-farmers' conflicts have taken a calamitous dimension, which threatens the security, peaceful coexistence and national integration of Nigeria presently. This paper investigated the impact of herdsmen-farmers' conflicts on national integration in Nigeria's Fourth Republic. It adopted descriptive research method using secondary sources of data and frustration-aggression theory as the theoretical framework. The paper argued that there has once been peaceful relationship between herdsmen and farmers in Nigeria with few cases of minor misunderstandings but the conflict took a new dreadful wave due to certain factors such as climate change, population explosion, and porosity of border, proliferation of arms, poverty, unemployment and the ineptitude action of government to these conflicts, among others. The paper argued that though some efforts have been made to address these clashes, such efforts appeared to be inadequate and thus achieved limited success. The paper further argued that persistent herdsmen-farmers' conflict has now been threatening the peaceful coexistence and national integration of culturally segmented societies in Nigeria. The paper thus recommended, among others, that the government should formulate and implement proactive policies devoid of sentiments, bias and partisanship in curbing these conflicts. Government should demonstrate the political will in solving this problem by involving traditional rulers in the search for peace and harmony, using dialogue and Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) methods. Value reorientation should be intensified through public enlightenment drive and the media so that Nigerians will appreciate the values that bind them together more than those that divide them and thus enhance tolerance of individual differences of other ethnicnationalities towards national integration.
Cattle rearing in Nigeria especially in Ussa and Takum region is not new because it is the primary occupation of the Hausa/Fulani. Nomadic Fulani herdsmen are basically required to graze over unused or unfarmed lands and this should and has been the practice in the past where they exist. However, what is new is the spate of aggressive attacks on their host communities. This study examines the Implications of Farmers-Herdsmen's Conflict on Security in Takum and Ussa Local Government Area, Taraba State, Nigeria. The raising profile of Fulani herdsmen attack and their criminal atrocities across the region is alarming. The paper recommends that government must ensure that the attacks of Fulani herdsmen are immediately treated as a national emergency because of the bad blood it has already created in the country. Efforts of government must ensure that the activities of Fulani herdsmen are checked to ensure peace and security across the country. Government must provide compensations for all victims of Fulani herdsmen criminal actions to ensure their rehabilitation and restoration. There is need for massive enlightenment and the use of restorative justice to douse tensions and rebuild trust in the society.
HUMANUS DISCOURSE, 2022
Peace is one of the preconditions for development to flourish in any nation of the world. This study examines the implications of the Herdsmen and Farmers conflict on food security in Doma Local Government of Nasarawa State, Nigeria. A social survey design was adopted. A survey of 381 respondents was drawn, using multistage sampling techniques involving electoral wards, towns/villages, main streets, houses, households, and individuals. Primary and secondary data were utilized in the study. Primary and secondary data were utilized in the study. The primary data were generated through the use of questionnaires and in-depth interviews. The questionnaires were analyzed quantitatively using tables; frequency, percentage, and in-depth interviews were transcribed verbatim. The results indicate that destruction of crops and trespasses on farms were the most causes of Herdsmen and Farmers conflict and has negatively impacted the area. It is based on this that the study recommends that grazing reserves should be properly gazetted and customary owners paid adequate compensation to avoid the taking over of land by force and States should be seen clearly and specifically make budgetary provisions for ranch development, International agencies should come to the aids of States and Federal Governments by partnering to facilitate the provision of amenities like fencing materials for farmland and ranches.
Herdsmen/Farmers Conflicts in Kogi State:Security And Developmental Implications
One major security and developmental challenge that has attracted much national discourse in the recent past is the conflict between herdsmen and farmers in different parts of the country. The crisis has become a recurring decimal, especially in Kogi State and indeed a time bomb, which appears not to have been given the desired national attention by government at all levels. Irked by the bizarre dimension herdsmen/farmers conflicts have taken in Nigeria in recent time and Kogi State in particular, this research was carried out with a view to proffering solutions that could arrest the ugly situation and prevent it from becoming a monster like Boko Haram crisis. Thus, this research was carried out to achieve the following objectives: 1. Identify the root causes of herders/farmers conflicts in Kogi State. 2. Examine the security implications of the herders/farmers conflicts in Kogi State. 3. Examine the socioeconomic implications of herders/farmers conflicts in Kogi State. 4. Proffer workable solutions that can be put in place by both the Federal and Kogi state Government to resolve the herders/farmers conflict in Kogi State. The study was a survey research. Three hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The area of study is Kogi State. Data for the study were generated from primary and secondary sources. The instruments used for data collection were questionnaire and interview. The population for the study was drawn from farmers, herders, traditional rulers, community leaders and security agents from the study area. The data collected were presented and analyzed using qualitative and quantitative approaches. Descriptive statistics was used with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16. Findings were made based on the tested significance level of the responses as revealed by the standard deviation analysis. Based on the results of the analysis, the study categorized the causes of herders/farmers conflicts in Kogi state into major and incidental factors. The major factor centred on economic use of land resources while incidental factors include policy framework, deficient response and demographic, ecological/environmental factors. Far reaching recommendations were made among which were: the need for definite policy enactment on use of land resources as it relates to grazing lands as well as establishment of Alternative Dispute Resolution Mechanisms (ADRM) for resolving disputes between farmers and herdsmen as the conflict groups (farmers/herders) have lost confidence in the Nigerian judicial system, establishment of ranches, combating desertification and mop up of illicit arms amongst others.
SAGE Open, 2021
The study examined farmers–herdsmen conflict, cattle rustling, and banditry in Anka and Maradun local government area of Zamfara State, Nigeria. The study examined the influence of farmers–herdsmen conflicts on cattle rustling and banditry, and vice versa. Exploratory research was employed; focus group discussion (FGD) and key informant interview (KII)were used to collect primary data from the respondents. The data generated were transcribed and recorded verbatim (word-for-word account of verbal interview) and they were converted into written form. Data were enumerated and thematic analysis and categorization were provided. Secondary data were sourced from internet and relevant books. This study adopted the environmental resources scarcity and frustration-aggression theory. The findings of the study revealed that farmers–herdsmen conflict precipitates the acts of cattle rustling and banditry. It also revealed that conversely cattle rustling and banditry contributed to the farmers–he...
Fulani Herdsmen Crisis and the Socioeconomic Development of Benue State, Nigeria
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP)
Every government's responsibility remains that of pursuing and sustaining the security and wellbeing of its citizens and its territory against internal and external aggressions. However, Nigeria experiences several political and socioeconomic challenges and violent conflicts which threaten her socioeconomic development, peace, and security. Youth restiveness and resource control struggles in the Niger Delta region, the neo-Biafran secessionist movement of the Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB) in the southeastern region, and the Boko Haram's mayhem in the northeast are quintessential cases of violent conflicts in Nigeria. Still, another internal security challenge is brewing in Nigeria's Middle Belt region; epitomized in the Fulani Herdsmen communal clashes in the region. This study examined the political violence in Benue, Nigeria, to ascertain its impact on the sustenance of socioeconomic development and national security in Nigeria. It argued that several factors account for the crisis from climate change to desertification and ethnoreligious issues and that on the government seems less dedicated to solving the menace.
Herdsmen and Farmers Conflicts in North-Eastern Nigeria: Causes, Repercussions and Resolutions
Fulani herdsmen and farmers conflicts have remained the most predominately resource-use conflict in North-eastern Nigeria especially in Yobe State. The necessity to provide food of crops and animal origin, as well as raw materials for industry and export in order to meet ever-growing demands, has led to extensive use of land. The competition between these two agricultural land user-groups, however, has often times turned into serious concealed and unconcealed manifestation of hostilities and social friction in many parts of Yobe State. The conflicts have demonstrated high potential to exacerbate the insecurity and food crisis particularly in rural communities where most of the conflicts are localized, with reverberating repercussions nationwide. This study describes the traditional relationship between Fulani herdsmen and farmers in the incessant resource conflicts witnessed in Yobe State and how it affects livelihood security of those involved and resource sustainability for the local communities. The study concluded that there is the need to identify the causes, repercussions and proffered resolution of the critical issues that are at the roots of the conflicts.