Evaluation of Exposure Index (S-Value) in Radiological Examination of Posterior Anterior Thorax as the Effort of Improving Patient Radiation Protection (original) (raw)
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Introduction: In digital radiography, radiographers tend to increase exposure factors to acquire an acceptable image quality thereby increasing radiation dose to patients. Regarding this, the present study aimed to re-evaluate the exposure parameters and to ascertain the entrance surface dose (ESD) and effective dose (ED) of posterior-anterior (PA) chest, abdomen, and anterior-posterior (AP) lumbosacral spine radiography. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 180 physically able patients with age of 20-60 years and weight of 60-80 kg referred to Hospital Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah (HOSHAS) and Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan (HTAA).Image acquisition was performed using digital radiography. The ESD and ED were determined using CALDose_X 5.0 software. Results: The ESD and ED for PA chest were 0.098 mGy and 0.012 mSv in HOSHAS, while in HTAA were 0.161 mGy and 0.021 mSv respectively. Regarding the abdomen, the ESD and ED were 2.57 mGy and 0.311 mSv in HOSHAS and 2.16 mGy and 0.262 mSv in HTAA respectively. For AP lumbosacral spine, the ESD and ED for HOSHAS were 2.65 mGy and 0.222 mSv, while in HTAA were 2.357 mGy and 0.201 mSv respectively. Conclusion: The findings revealed the use of high kVp, automatic exposure control, correct focus image receptor distance, tight collimation and additional filter resulted in a lower ESD. The ESD and ED obtained in this study were comparable with those reported by other studies and lower than the values recommended by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation in 2008.
Evaluation of the Influence of Exposure Index on Image Quality and Radiation Dose
Iranian Journal of Medical Physics, 2019
Introduction: The introduction of digital radiography has led to a significant problem in terms of dose creep. To address this problem, manufacturers have established a set of exposure indicators (EI) as a feedback mechanism to safeguard against overexposure. The EI is the measure of incident exposure to the detector that is directly proportional to the signal-to-noise ratio and can be related to image quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of EI on image quality and radiation dose for the posterior anterior (PA) chest radiography. Material and Methods: This study was conducted in three phases, namely pre-optimization, experimental, and post-optimization. A total of 60 patients that could fulfill the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the PA chest radiography were recruited. The radiographic technical parameters, dose area product, and EI were recorded. Radiographs were printed and evaluated by two recruited radiologists using the modified evaluation criteria...
Shehu, Mohammed Ahmed, 2020
ABSTRACT In radiography, a dose to patients primarily depends on the Entrance surface Dose (ESD) and the sensitivity of organs which are irradiated during treatment plan. The main goal of this study is to assess and compare adult patient doses to digital and conventional radiographic X-ray examinations chest (PA/AP) in Adama city special zone of oromiya region. Assessment of ESD for patients in conventional and digital diagnostic radiology examinations should be made as a means for the optimization of the radiation protection of the patients. This estimated the entrance skin dose received by patients undergoing diagnostic X-ray examinations, including the entrance skin doses for 400 patients in chest PA/AP of X-ray examinations. The entrance surface dose was determined indirectly via measurements and from knowledge of X-ray output factors and in this study entered the measurements parameters such as X-ray dose output, back scatter factor, and focus to skin distance and used physical parameters such as mAs and kV in mathematical model. The mean ESD (mGy) value calculated in to four hospitals. The mean ESD (mGy) estimated range from 0.113 -1.92 for chest PA, 0.107-1.935 for chest PA. The results obtained were compared with the diagnostic reference levels of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 1996, European Commission (EC) 1999 and national radiological protection board (NRPB) 2000. Further studies are required for minimization of radiation doses to sensitive organs. ESDs were estimated in the present study for patients undergoing selected chest X-ray examinations in major hospitals in Adama city special zone of Oromiya region. It was observed that in some of the cases specially Adama hospital medical college the ESD values higher than the recommended value from IAEA, NRPB and EC. Similarly the S.Aklisiya hospital and Medin Beza hospitals shows ESD (mGy) value for all types of projection examinations are similarity with that reported by IAEA [42] and European Committee (EC, 1999) [41] as well as NRPB -2000 [43]. But Rift valley hospital has the minimum value of ESD (mGy) because of the low dose output of the machine combined with high tube filtration. This could be attributed to the relatively low tube output dose and exposure parameters used in these hospitals. And also potential advantage of digital x ray from conventional is minimizes unnecessary patient dose and keeps the dose “as low as reasonably achievable” (ALARA) principle. Keywords: Ionizing Radiation; X-Ray; Conventional, digital, Radiography; Entrance Surface Dose
Evaluation of effective dose and entrance skin dose in digital radiology
Polish Journal of Medical Physics and Engineering
Background: Ionizing radiation has an indispensable role in diagnostic radiology and clinical treatments. Apparently, medical exposure in diagnostic radiology pertains to be the preeminent man-made source of radiation. Objective: The aim of the present scientific study is to calculate the Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) and Effective Dose (ED) in digital radiography in Mazandaran province. Materials and methods: The study was performed on 3600 patients in digital X-ray rooms 15 hospitals and the required data were collected from two age groups (10>15 years and adults) in each projection. Based on the results of this study, ESD and ED were calculated for skull (PA), skull (lateral), cervical spine (AP), cervical spine (lateral), chest (PA), chest (lateral), abdomen (AP), lumbar spine (AP), lumbar spine (lateral), pelvis (AP), thoracic spine (AP) and thoracic spine (lateral) examinations. It was calculated using PCXMC software (version 2.0). Results: In this study, mean ESDs for the 10...
Introduction: In digital radiography, radiographers tend to increase exposure factors to acquire an acceptable image quality thereby increasing radiation dose to patients. Regarding this, the present study aimed to re-evaluate the exposure parameters and to ascertain the entrance surface dose (ESD) and effective dose (ED) of posterior-anterior (PA) chest, abdomen, and anterior-posterior (AP) lumbosacral spine radiography. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 180 physically able patients with age of 20-60 years and weight of 60-80 kg referred to Hospital Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah (HOSHAS) and Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan (HTAA).Image acquisition was performed using digital radiography. The ESD and ED were determined using CALDose_X 5.0 software. Results: The ESD and ED for PA chest were 0.098 mGy and 0.012 mSv in HOSHAS, while in HTAA were 0.161 mGy and 0.021 mSv respectively. Regarding the abdomen, the ESD and ED were 2.57 mGy and 0.311 mSv in HOSHAS and 2.16 mGy and 0.262 mSv in HTAA respectively. For AP lumbosacral spine, the ESD and ED for HOSHAS were 2.65 mGy and 0.222 mSv, while in HTAA were 2.357 mGy and 0.201 mSv respectively. Conclusion: The findings revealed the use of high kVp, automatic exposure control, correct focus image receptor distance, tight collimation and additional filter resulted in a lower ESD. The ESD and ED obtained in this study were comparable with those reported by other studies and lower than the values recommended by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation in 2008.
Analysis of dose measurement other than the radiation protection during the radiographic examination
SpringerPlus, 2014
The study measured the dose on body regions that were not shielded to protect from radiation exposure during the general procedure, with the goal of providing basic radiation dose data for radiological technologists who perform the radiographic examination. Shooting parts with the phantom were similar to human tissues using general shooting equipment in the general examination room. The scattered rays were measured with the ion chamber. The hand received the highest average radiation dose and the kidney the lowest. The same pattern was evident for the average equivalent dose. The available daily shooting was highest in the anterior/posterior skull, followed by the posterior/anterior chest, abdomen, anterior/posterior spine and extremities. The daily available numbers for the eye were lower than other body regions (6-times, 4-times, 26-times, 3-times and 121-times) and the numbers on the foot were higher than for other regions (73-times, 48-times, 263-times, 39-times and 702-times). ...
Determination of guidance levels of dose for diagnostic radiography in Taiwan
Medical Physics, 2001
The International Atomic Energy Agency has recommended guidance levels of dose for diagnostic radiography for a typical adult patient. These levels were intended to act as thresholds to trigger investigations or corrective actions in ensuring optimized protection of patients and maintaining appropriate levels of good practice. Since guidance levels should be derived from wide scale surveys of exposure factors performed in individual hospitals, a national survey was conducted recently in Taiwan to collect these factors for the most frequent radiographic procedures. A total of 276 completed questionnaires were received and analyzed. In the questionnaire, respondents were asked to check those projections that were routinely performed in their department and to report machine data, patient data, output measurements, and technical factors including kVp, mAs, focusto-film distance, table-to-film distance, aluminum filtration, and focal spot size. Based on the survey data, entrance skin exposures in air, i.e., free air exposures at the point of intersection of the x-ray central beam with the entrance surface of the patient, were estimated using the RADCOMP program. Entrance surface doses to air and tissue with backscatter were then evaluated by the application of the exposure-dose conversion factor and the backscatter factor obtained from TLD measurements and Monte Carlo simulations. Guidance levels were determined from survey results on the entrance surface dose based on optimization considerations involving the cost-effectiveness analysis. Except for chest PA and LAT and skull LAT procedures, all guidance levels derived in this work are less than those recommended by the International Atomic Energy Agency. Survey data and guidance levels were provided to the national authorities to help them develop quality control and radiation protection programs for medical exposures.
Study on Patient ’ s Radiation Dose from Diagnostic Radiography
2013
Medical x-ray exposures have the largest man made source of population exposure to ionizing radiation in different countries. Recent developments in medical imaging have led to rapid increases in a number of high dose x-ray examinations performed with significant consequences for individual patient doses and for collective dose to the population as a whole. It is therefore important in each country to make regular assessments of the magnitude of these large doses. Numerous research and techniques have been developed worldwide to measure these doses by using different tools for calculating and evaluation of doses. In this study we aimed to review the previous study which has been done in this topic.
Assessment of Radiological Parameters and Patient Dose Audit using Semi-Empirical Model
2012
Risk is associated with all human activities; medical imaging is no exception. The risk in medical imaging is quantified using effective dose. However, measurement of effective dose is rather difficult and time consuming, therefore, energy imparted and entrance surface dose are obtained and converted into effective dose using the appropriate conversion factors. In this study, data on exposure parameters and patient characteristics were obtained during the routine diagnostic examinations for four common types of X-ray procedures. A semi-empirical model involving computer software Xcomp5 was used to determine energy imparted per unit exposure-area product ( ), entrance skin exposure (ESE) and incident air kerma which are radiation dose indices. The value of energy imparted per unit exposure- area product ranges between 0.60and1.21X10- 3JR-1cm-2 and entrance skin exposure range from 5.07 ± 1.25 to 36.62 ± 27.79 mR , while the incident air kerma range between 43.93µGy and 265.5µGy. The ...
Mathematical Evaluation of Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) for Patients Examined by Diagnostic X-Rays
Open Access Journal of Science, 2017
Exposures from diagnostic medical X-rays are the most important synthetic source of exposure to ionizing radiation in several countries. However information on medical exposure of diagnostic X-rays is integrated into international legislative repertories. In Sebha city, there is a lack of data on the assessment of patient's entrance surface dose (ESD) and the health risk from conventional radiography in daily routine of diagnostic medical examinations. In this research, the Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) was estimated for adult patients underwent diagnosis X-ray examinations in one of radiographic center in Sebha city. The ESD has been estimated indirectly using exposure factors for patents. The results showed that the mean patient entrance surface doses (ESD) were 41.73±5.84 mGy, 7.43±2.58 mGy, 103.7±125.53 mGy, 7.25±4.32 mGy and 11.24±16.18 mGy respectively for Pelvis (AP), Chest (AP), Lumbar Spine (AP), Cervical Spine (AP) and Skull (AP). The mean ESD values are found to be higher than mean ESD reference values. This indicates that the necessity for reducing the patient doses to the acceptable levels recommended by the international radiation protection commissions to protect patients from risk of higher exposures to diagnostic X-rays.