Utility of spatially-resolved atmospheric pressure surface sampling and ionization techniques as alternatives to mass spectrometric imaging (MSI) in drug metabolism (original) (raw)
Related papers
Scientific Reports, 2016
Liquid extraction surface analysis mass spectrometry imaging (LESA-MSI) has been shown to be an effective tissue profiling and imaging technique, producing robust and reliable qualitative distribution images of an analyte or analytes in tissue sections. Here, we expand the use of LESA-MSI beyond qualitative analysis to a quantitative analytical technique by employing a mimetic tissue model previously shown to be applicable for MALDI-MSI quantitation. Liver homogenate was used to generate a viable and molecularly relevant control matrix for spiked drug standards which can be frozen, sectioned and subsequently analyzed for the generation of calibration curves to quantify unknown tissue section samples. The effects of extraction solvent composition, tissue thickness and solvent/ tissue contact time were explored prior to any quantitative studies in order to optimize the LESA-MSI method across several different chemical entities. The use of a internal standard to normalize regional differences in ionization response across tissue sections was also investigated. Data are presented comparing quantitative results generated by LESA-MSI to LC-MS/MS. Subsequent analysis of adjacent tissue sections using DESI-MSI is also reported. A drugs distribution and the relationship with efficacy and safety are important considerations during drug development. It is crucial that a compound is present in sufficient quantity at the site of action to deliver efficacy. Equally, excessive abundance of the drug in tissues may lead to unwanted toxicological findings rendering the drug unsafe. Drug distribution has historically been assessed in various ways. Tissue homogenization techniques, coupled to liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry have been the mainstay to quantify drugs in tissues 1. However, this approach results in the loss of all spatial information from the sample and merely provides an average concentration within the tissue. There is also a risk of variation caused by residual blood contamination. Mapping and quantifying the distribution of compounds in vivo was historically performed using radiolabeled compounds in techniques such as quantitative whole body autoradiography (QWBA) 2,3. The technique is reliable, sensitive, quantitative and retains meaningful spatial information. However, the necessity for a radiolabeled compound is a major drawback that can lead to significant 'synthesis' delays. Furthermore, quantitation of the parent drug can be misrepresented due to drug metabolites that still include the radiolabel. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a complementary, viable, multiplex and label free way of elucidating the distribution of drugs and endogenous metabolites directly from the surface of tissue sections 4. MSI is a term used to describe a group of complementary surface sampling technologies based on different mass spectrometry ionization methods. The most commonly used are matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI-MSI) 5-7 , secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS-MSI) 8 , desorption electrospray ionization (DESI-MSI) 9,10 and nanoelectrospray ionization based liquid microjunction techniques such as liquid extraction surface analysis (LESA-MSI) 11,12. Each technique has innate advantages and disadvantages in sensitivity, speed and spatial resolution.
Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 2008
A self-aspirating, liquid microjunction surface sampling probe/electrospray emitter mass spectrometry system was demonstrated for use in the direct analysis of spotted and dosed drugs and their metabolites in thin tissue sections. Proof-of-principle sampling and analysis directly from tissue without the need for sample preparation was demonstrated first by raster scanning a region on a section of rat liver onto which reserpine was spotted. The mass spectral signal from selected reaction monitoring was used to develop a chemical image of the spotted drug on the tissue. The probe was also used to selectively spot sample areas of sagittal whole-body tissue from a mouse that had been dosed orally (90 mg/kg) with R,S-sulforaphane 3 h prior to sacrifice. Sulforaphane and its glutathione and N-acetyl cysteine conjugates were monitored with selected reaction monitoring and detected in the stomach and various other tissues from the dosed mouse. No signal for these species was observed in the tissue from a control mouse. The same dosed-tissue section was used to illustrate the possibility of obtaining a lane scan across the whole-body section. In total, these results illustrate the potential for rapid screening of the distribution of drugs and metabolites in thin tissue sections with the liquid micro-junction surface sampling probe/electrospray mass spectrometry approach.
Future technology insight: mass spectrometry imaging as a tool in drug research and development
British journal of pharmacology, 2015
In pharmaceutical research, understanding the biodistribution, accumulation and metabolism of drugs in tissue plays a key role during drug discovery and development. In particular, information regarding pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and transport properties of compounds in tissues is crucial during early screening. Historically, the abundance and distribution of drugs have been assessed by well-established techniques such as quantitative whole body autoradiography (WBA) or tissue homogenisation with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis. However, WBA does not distinguish active drug from its metabolites and LC/MS, while highly sensitive, does not report spatial distribution. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) can discriminate drug and its metabolites and endogenous compounds, while simultaneously reporting their distribution. MSI data are influencing drug development and currently used in investigational studies in areas such compound toxicity. In in vivo studie...
Analytical chemistry, 2015
Liquid extraction surface analysis mass spectrometry (LESA-MS) is a surface sampling technique that incorporates liquid extraction from the surface of tissue sections with nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry. Traditional tissue analysis techniques usually require homogenization of the sample prior to analysis via high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS), but an intrinsic weakness of this is a loss of all spatial information and the inability of the technique to distinguish between actual tissue penetration and response caused by residual blood contamination. LESA-MS, in contrast, has the ability to spatially resolve drug distributions and has historically been used to profile discrete spots on the surface of tissue sections. Here, we use the technique as a mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) tool, extracting points at 1 mm spatial resolution across tissue sections to build an image of xenobiotic and endogenous compound distribution to assess drug blood-brain bar...
PLoS ONE, 2010
Readouts that define the physiological distributions of drugs in tissues are an unmet challenge and at best imprecise, but are needed in order to understand both the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties associated with efficacy. Here we demonstrate that it is feasible to follow the in vivo transport of unlabeled drugs within specific organ and tissue compartments on a platform that applies MALDI imaging mass spectrometry to tissue sections characterized with high definition histology. We have tracked and quantified the distribution of an inhaled reference compound, tiotropium, within the lungs of dosed rats, using systematic point by point MS and MS/MS sampling at 200 mm intervals. By comparing drug ion distribution patterns in adjacent tissue sections, we observed that within 15 min following exposure, tiotropium parent MS ions (mass-to-charge; m/z 392.1) and fragmented daughter MS/MS ions (m/z 170.1 and 152.1) were dispersed in a concentration gradient (80 fmol-5 pmol) away from the central airways into the lung parenchyma and pleura. These drug levels agreed well with amounts detected in lung compartments by chemical extraction. Moreover, the simultaneous global definition of molecular ion signatures localized within 2-D tissue space provides accurate assignment of ion identities within histological landmarks, providing context to dynamic biological processes occurring at sites of drug presence. Our results highlight an important emerging technology allowing specific high resolution identification of unlabeled drugs at sites of in vivo uptake and retention.
Quantitative mass spectrometry imaging of drugs and metabolites: a multiplatform comparison
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) provides insight into the molecular distribution of a broad range of compounds and, therefore, is frequently applied in the pharmaceutical industry. Pharmacokinetic and toxicological studies deploy MSI to localize potential drugs and their metabolites in biological tissues but currently require other analytical tools to quantify these pharmaceutical compounds in the same tissues. Quantitative mass spectrometry imaging (Q-MSI) is a field with challenges due to the high biological variability in samples combined with the limited sample cleanup and separation strategies available prior to MSI. In consequence, more selectivity in MSI instruments is required. This can be provided by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) which uses specific precursor ion-product ion transitions. This targeted approach is in particular suitable for pharmaceutical compounds because their molecular identity is known prior to analysis. In this work, we compared different analytica...
Experimental Models to Study Drug Distributions in Tissue Using MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging
Journal of Proteome Research, 2013
Requirements for patient safety and improved efficacy are steadily increasing in modern healthcare and are key drivers in modern drug development. New drug characterization assays are central in providing evidence of the specificity and selectivity of drugs. Meeting this need, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) is used to study drug localization within microenvironmental tissue compartments. Thin sections of human lung tumor and rat xenograft tissues were exposed to pharmaceutical drugs by either spotting or submerging. These drugs, the epidermal growth factor receptor antagonists, erlotinib (Tarceva) and gefitinib (Iressa), and the acetylcholine receptor antagonist, tiotropium, were characterized by microenvironment localization. Intact tissue blocks were also immersed in drug solution, followed by sectioning. MALDI-MSI was then performed using a Thermo MALDI LTQ Orbitrap XL instrument to localize drug-distribution patterns. We propose three MALDI-MSI models measuring drug disposition that have been used to map the selected compounds within tissue compartments of tumors isolated from lung cancer patients.
European Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 2015
Solvent assisted ionization inlet (SAII) and matrix assisted ionization vacuum (MAIV) were used to rapidly quantify an antipsychotic drug, clozapine, directly from surfaces with minimal sample preparation. This simple surface analysis method based on SAII-and MAIV-mass spectrometry (MS) was developed to allow detection of endogenous lipids, metabolites, and clozapine directly from mouse brain tissue sections. Rapid surface assessment was achieved by SAII with the assistance of heat on the mass spectrometer inlet, and MAIV showed capability on heat-limited instruments with better reproducibility. In addition, isotope dilution and standard addition were used without sample clean-up, and the results correlate well to liquid chromatography (LC)tandem MS with sample work-up. Using the simple surface methods, standard solutions containing clozapine and deuterated sample (clozapine-d8) at different concentration ratios were used to extract and quantify clozapine from brain tissue sections of drug-treated mouse at different thicknesses. The amount of clozapine extracted by these surface methods was independent of tissue thickness.
Autoradiography, MALDI-MS, and SIMS-MS Imaging in Pharmaceutical Discovery and Development
The AAPS Journal, 2010
Whole-body autoradiography ((WBA) or quantitative WBA (QWBA)), microautoradiography (MARG), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric imaging (MALDI-MSI), and secondary ion mass spectrometric imaging (SIMS-MSI) are high-resolution, molecular imaging techniques used to study the tissue distribution of radiolabeled and nonlabeled compounds in ex vivo, in situ biological samples. WBA, which is the imaging of the whole-body of lab animals, and/or their organ systems; and MARG, which provides information on the localization of radioactivity in histological preparations and at the cellular level, are used to support drug discovery and development efforts. These studies enable the conduct of human radiolabeled metabolite studies and have provided pharmaceutical scientists with a high resolution and quantitative method of accessing tissue distribution. MALDI-MSI is a mass spectrometric imaging technique capable of label-free and simultaneous determination of the identity and distribution of xenobiotics and their metabolites as well as endogenous substances in biological samples. This makes it an interesting extension to WBA and MARG, eliminating the need for radiochemistry and providing molecular specific information. SIMS-MSI offers a complementary method to MALDI-MSI for the acquisition of images with higher spatial resolution directly from biological specimens. Although traditionally used for the analysis of surface films and polymers, SIMS has been used successfully for the study of biological tissues and cell types, thus enabling the acquisition of images at submicrometer resolution with a minimum of samples preparation.
A quantitation method for mass spectrometry imaging
Rapid …, 2011
A new quantitation method for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) has been developed. In this method, drug concentrations were determined by tissue homogenization of five 10 µm tissue sections adjacent to those ...