Phthalate ester migration into food: effect of packaging material and time (original) (raw)
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Risk assessments of human exposure to bioaccessible phthalate esters through market fish consumption
Environment International, 2013
The bioaccessibility of phthalate esters in 20 fish species collected from Hong Kong market was evaluated using an in vitro gastrointestinal model. The ∑phthalate ester concentration detected in fresh water fish ranged from 1.66 to 3.14 μg/g wet weight (ww) and in marine fish ranged from 1.57 to 7.10 μg/g ww, respectively. di-2-Ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and din -butyl phthalate (DBP) were the predominant compounds in both freshwater fish and marine fish. The digestible concentrations of phthalate esters ranged from 0.20 to 1.23 μg/g ww (mean 0.35 μg/g ww), and account for 2.44 to 45.5% (mean 16.8%) for raw concentrations of phthalate esters. In the present study, the accumulation ratio R nn value of all phthalate esters was greater than 1 except for diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), DBP and din -hexyl phthalate (DHP), suggesting that these phthalate esters could be accumulated during gastrointestinal digestion. Based on this health risk assessment, most of fish species were considered safe for consumption, however Hong Kong residents should take caution when consuming Mud carp and Bighead carp.
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2000
Environmental risk limits (ERLs) are derived for di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). The ERLs are derived using data on (eco)toxicology and environmental chemistry. Endpoints used are survival, growth, and reproduction. The resulting ERLs in water are 10 and 0.19 g/L for DBP and DEHP, respectively; in fresh soil and sediment with 10% organic matter the derived ERLs are respectively 0.7 and 1 mg/kg fresh wt. In The Netherlands, measured concentrations of DBP are seldom above the ERLs, while reported concentrations for DEHP are 3 to 20 times higher than the ERL. As phthalates as a group are commonly mentioned as chemicals with possible endocrine disruptive e4ects, in vivo and in vitro tests for a series of phthalates with endpoints related to endocrine disruption are reviewed. In vitro and in vivo tests give a similar distinction between phthalates that can or cannot act as endocrine disrupters. The signi5cance of these tests for the derivation of ERLs is discussed. It is concluded that the ERLs derived will give su7cient protection against endocrine disruptive e4ects. There is no need to include additional data for DBP and DEHP, related to endpoints other than survival, growth, or reproduction, in the derivation of ERLs.
Population Exposure to Phthalate-containing Drugs
Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology
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Environmental Health Perspectives, 2003
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), one of the most widely used phthalates, is a primary component in polyvinyl chloride plastics used in numerous household products, toys, floor tiles, furniture upholstery, blood storage bags, and medical devices, among other products [Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) 2002; Faouzi et al. 1999]. Therefore, the potential for human exposure to DEHP is high. DEHP is not chemically bound in the plastics; hence, it can be leached to the environment during the manufacturing process and product use and after disposal (ATSDR 2002; Sharman et al. 1994). The general population is exposed to DEHP in food, water, and air through inhalation and ingestion (ATSDR 2002; Meek and Chan 1994; Sharman et al. 1994). Medical patients receiving transfusions (Peck et al. 1979) or dialysis (Faouzi et al. 1999) or those undergoing apheresis may be more exposed to DEHP than the general population (Ono et al. 1975). DEHP is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC 2000), but it has been designated a carcinogen in experimental animals (IARC 2000; Kluwe et al. 1982). Moreover, results from animal toxicologic studies have demonstrated
Human Risk Assessment of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals Derived from Plastic Food Containers
Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 2012
In the manufacture of plastic containers, various materials such as additives (for example, plasticizers, stabilizers, antioxidants), polymers (for example, polystyrene [PS], polycarbonate [PC], polyvinyl chloride [PVC]) are widely used. Endocrine disrupting chemicals [EDCs] can migrate as residual monomers (for example, styrene for PS or bisphenol A [BPA] for PC) presented in polymers, as additives (for example, phthalates for PVC) used in polymer manufacturing, and/or as contaminants from the polymers depending on physicochemical conditions such as temperature, UV light, pH, microwave, and mechanical stress. Some phthalates (for example, DEHP, DBP), styrene, or bisphenol have been suspected to have endocrine disrupting effects, but human toxicological effects of these compounds are very controversial. For these reasons, a comprehensive review on toxicological and risk assessment studies for these chemicals (phthalates, BPA, and styrene) was carried out to evaluate their safety in humans. On the basis of exposure estimates for the these chemicals and reference doses (RfDs), we calculated hazard index (HI = chronic daily intake/tolerable daily intake [TDI] or RfD). A HI of less than 1 suggests an exposure lower than the safety limit of the chemicals. We showed that the HI values of these chemicals were lower then 1, but there are one or several exceptions for di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), di-isodecyl phthalate (DIDP), and din -octyl phthalate (DnOP; for example, exposure via infant formula, packaged lunch, total exposure), where estimated their HI values are higher than 1, which suggests an exposure higher than the safety limits of the chemicals. However, the HI of BPA was 0.001-0.26 (3.57-1000 times lower than its safety limit), and the HI for styrene was 0.276 (3.62 times lower than its safety limit). In this article, we focused on recent issues concerning the endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) derived from plastic food containers or packaging. This review suggests that the use of plastic food containers might not exceed human safe limits n general with respect to endocrine disruptors aside from the exceptions of the phthalates mentioned earlier.