De quelques mutations de la banane (original) (raw)
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A la Martinique et en Guadeloupe, depuis les annees 60, en raison de la tres forte pression parasitaire (nematodes et charancons), les systemes traditionnels de culture de la banane ont utilise de tres fortes quantites de nematicides et d'insecticides appliques au sol. Le developpement de nouveaux systemes de culture (assainissement des sols par jacheres ou rotations culturales couple a l'utilisation de vitro-plants indemnes de maladies et ravageurs et l'application des traitements en fonction du suivi des populations de ravageurs), a permis de reduire de plus de 60 % les tonnages de matieres actives utilisees en Martinique: de 84 t sur 8600 ha en 1996 a 30 t sur 8 200 ha en 2004, avec des rendements similaires. Cette evolution rapide, aiguillonnee par les contraintes environnementales et stimulee par les mesures gouvernementales, devrait se poursuivre. L'objectif est de faire de cette filiere le moteur d'une agriculture raisonnee aux Antilles francaises en vue d...
Développement d'une nouvelle variété de bananes: la flhorban 920
Export Banana is the first agricultural production in the French West Indies. Intensive cropping of this banana generally induces substantial pollution and damage to th e fragile tropical insular environment of Guadeloupe and Martinique. Moreover, high productio n costs and international competition make it difficult to compete in these conditions. Among the tools developed by CIRAD to promote alternative and sustainable banana cropping systems as well in an economic way as in an ecological one, creation and selection of new varieties that ar e resistant or tolerant to the main pests and diseases of bananas are the main purpose of a fiftee n years lasting research program. Since three years, work has been focused on the validation of these new disease-resistan t hybrids, involved in an integrated development program, VaNouBa, gathering all the aspects o f evaluation in industrial conditions : agronomy, phytopathology, physiology and genetics. Within the frame of this project, the promising hybrid "F1horBan 920" is being studied. Twenty hectare s have thus been planted in Guadeloupe and Martinique in 2004 with this variety which is resistant to Yellow Sigatoka Disease (Mycosphaerella musicola) and Black Leaf Streak Disease (M fijiensis), and tolerant to lesion nematodes. Thanks to its multiple resistanceltolerance features, this variety can validly be considered as an environmentally-friendly banana. Moreover the fruit, looking and tasting different from the traditional Cavendish varieties may allow the banan a growers from Martinique and Guadeloupe to propose a very specific and competitive product. The success of the current development step will lead to a very near commercial launching step. RESUME :La culture de la banane d'exportation est la première production agricole au x Antilles françaises. Pratiquée de façon intensive, elle est génératrice de pollutions et d e dégradations de l'environnement insulaire fragile de Martinique et de Guadeloupe. Qui plus est, les coûts de production élevés et la concurrence internationale rendent cette culture difficilement compétitive. Parmi les outils que développe le Cirad pour promouvoir des systèmes de cultures alternatifs et durables, tant au plan économique qu'écologique, la création et la sélection d'hybrides bananier s résistants ou tolérants aux principales maladies et aux ravageurs se font depuis quinze ans. Depuis trois ans, l'accent a été mis sur la validation des hybrides créés à travers le projet d e développement « VaNouBa» , intégrant tous les aspects de l'évaluation en conditions réelles :