Bioactivity of Alstonia boonei De Wild leaf alkaloid on the growth and development of Maruca vitrata Fab (original) (raw)
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American Journal of Plant Sciences, 2012
Meliaceae plants are distinguished by the attack of the shootborer Hypsipyla grandella and also for the occurrence of limonoids, alkaloids and phenolic compounds. Such compounds extracted from leaves of Meliaceae species Cedrela odorata L., Swietenia macrophylla King, Khaya senegalensis, Toona ciliata, and C. odorata grafted onto T. ciliata plants, were tested on C. odorata leaf disks to determine their effects on survival and performance of H. grandella larvae. Larval survival was assessed 2, 10 and 25 days after starting the bioassays. Leaf consumption and weight gain per larva, days to pupa and to adult stages, pupal weight and length, and moth wing appearance were assessed for larval performance. The three compounds from the four Meliaceae species and the grafted combination affected (P ≤ 0.02) larval leaf consumption, weight gain, time to pupa and to adult stages, wing development and larval survival of H. grandella. Pupa weight (P = 0.78, F = 0.72, d.f. = 18,160) and length (P = 0.48, F = 0.98, d.f. = 18,160) were similar regardless of the coumpound used. Limonoid reduced larval survival on the three dates of evaluation. Alkaloids decreased leaf consumption, weight gain of larvae and time needed to reach pupa and adult stages. Alkaloids from T. ciliata and phenols from C. odorata were the best coumpounds to reduce leaf consumption and weight gain. Alkaloids from the grafted plants caused 20% of H. grandella adults to form abnormal wings.
Effect of plant secondary metabolites on legume pod borer
The effect of various flavonoids, lectins and phenyl b-D-glucoside on larval survival, weights and the activities of digestive (total serine protease and trypsin) and detoxifying [esterase and glutathione-S-transferase] enzymes of Helicoverpa armigera larvae at 5 and 10 days after treatment (DAT) was studied through diet incorporation assay. Flavonoids (quercetin, cinnamic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, trihydroxyflavone, gentisic acid, ferulic acid, protocatechuic acid and umbelliferone) were incorporated in artificial diet at 100, 500 and 1000 ppm, lectins: groundnut leaf lectin (GLL), concavalin (ConA) and phenyl b-D-glucoside at 2.5 and 5 lg mL-1. Flavonoids such as chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and protocatechuic acid at 1,000 ppm were more toxic to H. armigera larvae at 10 DAT than quercetin, catechin, cinnamic acid, trihydroxyflavone, gentisic acid, ferulic acid and umbelliferone. Larval growth and development were significantly reduced in H. armigera larvae fed on a diet with GLL and ConA at 5 lg mL-1 compared to the larvae fed at 2.5 and 1.25 lg mL-1 concentrations. The enzyme activities of the larvae were significantly reduced in flavonoid-treated diets. The flavonoids such as chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, gentisic acid, trihydroxyflavone, catechin and protocatechuic acid, and lectins, GLL and ConA can be utilized in insect control programs.
Journal of Chemical Ecology, 1990
Larvae of Uresiphita reversalis feed almost exclusively on legumes in the tribe Genisteae, which characteristically contain a variety of quinolizidine alkaloids. The larvae are aposematic, and on Genista monspessulana, a major host in California, they feed on the youngest leaves, at the periphery of the plant. These leaves, which were preferred over older foliage in choice tests, contained four to five times the level of alkaloid found in older leaves. The major alkaloids detected in these plants were dehydroaphylline and N-methylcytisine, together accounting for 74% of the total. Preliminary analyses showed the alkaloid profile of exuviae from larvae feeding on these plants was very similar to that of the plants. Two alkaloids, sparteine and cytisine, which are known components of some hosts of U. reversalis, were phagostimulants for fifth-instar larvae when added to sucrose-impregnated glass-fiber disks. In addition, when sparteine was added to foliage of G. monspessulana, effectively doubling the percent dry weight of alkaloid, the growth rate of late-instar larvae was positively affected. Cytisine added to plants had no discernible effect on growth of larvae. Alkaloid levels in larvae and in their frass were proportional to levels in the plants on which they fed. Although the majority of alkaloid was excreted, that which was sequestered by the insect was found entirely in the integument, possibly confeting some protection from predators.
Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2005
Conium maculatum, a Eurasian weed naturalized in North America, contains high concentrations of piperidine alkaloids, which act as chemical defenses against herbivores. In the United States, C. maculatum was largely free from herbivory until approximately 30 years ago, when it was re-associated via accidental introduction with a monophagous European herbivore, the oecophorid caterpillar Agonopterix alstroemeriana. At present, A. alstroemeriana is found in a continuum of re-association time and intensities with C. maculatum across the continent; in the Pacific Northwest, A. alstroemeriana can cause severe damage, resulting in some cases in complete defoliation. Studies in biological control and invasion biology have yet to determine whether plants re-associated with a significant herbivore from the area of indigeneity increase their chemical defense investment in areas of introduction. In this study, we compared three locations in the U.S. (New York, Washington and Illinois) where C. maculatum experiences different levels of herbivory by A. alstroemeriana to determine the association between the intensity of the interaction, as measured by damage, and chemical defense production. Total alkaloid production in C. maculatum was positively correlated with A. alstroemeriana herbivory levels; plants from New York and Washington, with higher herbivory levels, invested two and four times more N to alkaloid synthesis than did plants from Illinois. Individual plants with lower concentrations of alkaloids from a single location in Illinois experienced more damage by A. alstroemeriana, suggestive of a preference on the part of the insect for plants with less chemical defense. These results suggest that A. alstroemeriana may act either as a selective agent or inducing agent for C. maculatum and increase its toxicity in its introduced range.
UTTARPRADESH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY, 2024
The study entitled with “Studies on bio-efficacy of bio-pesticides against spotted pod borer (Maruca vitrata Geyer) infesting black gram” at Organic Research Farm, Karguwan Ji, Department of Entomology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences Bundelkhand University, Jhansi (U.P.) during kharif Kharif 2023 containing nine treatments viz, Neeem oil 5%, Garlic bulb extract 5%, Bacillus thuringiensis 2.50 ml/l, Verticillium leccani 2.50 ml/l, Panchagavya 10%, NSKE 5%, Castor oil 5%, Beauveria bassiana 5 ml/l and untreated control in RBD with three replications aiming to evaluate their efficacy of bio-pesticides against spotted pod borer. To evaluate the efficacy, tow two application applications of treatments were carried out, that and observed the spotted pod borer infestation on selected plants three, seven, and fourteen days after spraying. The outcomes showed that, In the management of the spotted pod borer after the first and second spray, the Beauveria bassiana 5 ml/l (3.03) was superior and best effective to controlin controlling larval population, followed by Bacillus thuringiensis 2.50 ml/l (3.21), and neem oil 5% (3.45), and the maximum yield 13.85 qt/ha and C: B ratio 1:1.71 was obtained from the Beauveria bassiana treated plot followed by Bacillus thuringiensis and neem oil by that obtained 12.89 qt/ha and 12.55 qt/ha yield, moreover 1:1.64 and 1:1.52 C: B ratio respectively.
Methanol extract and the b-carboline alkaloids were extracted from the seeds of Peganum harmala (Zygophyllaceae). Their toxicity, growth inhibitory and effects on the progeny production of Tribolium castaneum and Rhyzopertha dominica was studied. To assess any additive effects among the extracted b-carbolines, they were tested as binary mixtures (1:1) or as a crude alkaloid fraction. All extracts exhibited a considerable adulticidal effect with increasing activities in response to increased exposure period. Using the contact toxicity bioassay, the crude b-carboline fraction was the most effective (LC 50's were 20.1 and 36.7) mg/cm 2 , 48 h post-treatment against R. dominica and T. castaneum, respectively. LC 50's of (harmaline þ harmine), (harmaline þ harmane), and methanol extract were (31.2, 39.4), (33.7, 47.2), and (39.8, 65.2) mg/cm 2 , 24 h post-treatment against R. dominica and T. castaneum, respectively. At 48 h post-treatment, LC 50 of (harmaline þ harmine) reached 22.4 mg/cm 2 against R. dominica. When mixed with the insect's diets, toxicity of all extracts were increased with the crude alkaloidal fraction the most toxic (LC 50's were 7.8 and 14.7) mg/kg grains, 48 h post exposure against R. dominica and T. castaneum, respectively. When the 2nd instar larvae were fed sub-lethal doses-treated grains, development and F1 progeny of both insects were significantly affected (P 0.001). At 3.5 mg/kg grains of the crude alkaloidal extract, percentages of malformed larvae and pupae of T. castaneum were 19.7 and 33.4%, respectively. In this case, a total life span of 81.3 days was recorded for the treated individuals compared to 44.2 for the control. A reduction in the adult progeny of 56.9, 44.0 and 43.6% was obtained with 3.5 mg/kg of the crude alkaloids, (harmaline þ harmine) and methanol extract, respectively. Meanwhile, the reduction in adult progeny of R. dominica reached 79.2% with the same concentration of the crude alkaloid extract.
Bio-efficacy of chemical Insecticides against Spotted Pod Borer, Maruca testulalis (Geyer) on Cowpea
Studies were conducted at Agricultural Research Farm, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi during Kharif 2010 and 2011 to know the efficacy of some new molecule insecticides (azadirachtin, Bt, endosulfan 35% EC, thiodicarb 75% WP, spinosad 45% SC, lambda cyhalothrin 5% EC, indoxacarb 14.5% SC, profenophos 50% EC and acetamiprid 20% SP) against spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Geyer) on mungbean. The spinosad 45% SC and indoxacarb 14.5 % SC were the most effective treatments and significantly superior to other treatments with 80.7 and 79.2 per cent larval reduction over control. The least effective treatment was acetamiprid 20%SP, followed by azadirachtin with 38.8 and 44.9 per cent reduction in larval population over control. The maximum yield was recorded in treatment indoxacarb 14.5%SC (11.8q/ha) followed by spinosad 45%SC (11.1q/ha) which were at par with each other. While lowest yield was recorded in azadirachtin (9.7q/ha).
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), 2022
This study evaluated the potentiality of different plant extracts as a botanical insecticide against 5th instar larvae and adult M.T.B. Mango twig borer (Callimetopus capito Pascoe) attacking batino (Alstonia macrophylla) seedlings. Nine (9) treatments were tested under laboratory conditions, and the three superior botanical extracts were further assessed using cage assay. The experiment was set up utilizing a Completely Randomized Design (C.R.D.) with five replications. All Methanol-based plant extract solutions in the laboratory assay revealed moderate to high toxic effects to 5th instar C. capito P. larvae. However, Annona squamosa (T2), Albizia procera (T5), Carica papaya (T7), and Annona muricata significantly obtained the highest mortality rate as compared to other treatments. Whereas it was observed in adult Callimetos capito P., the highest mean mortality was obtained in A. squamosa (T2), C. papaya (T7), A. procera (T5), and G. sepium (T8). Hence, applying other plant extracts to adult C. capito also reduces mortality. Cage experiment revealed that A. squamosa effectively controlled adult C. capito up to 50% through contact action. Applying the botanical extracts as stomach poison did not manifest control against C. capito; instead, partial repellence was observed. The result of the study proved that crude plant extracts could become an effective botanical insecticide in the protection against 5th instar larvae and adult C. capito Pascoe attacking A. macrophylla seedlings.
Efficacy of botanical insecticides against pod borer (Maruca vitrata) on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)
2019
The field experiment was conducted during kharif 2016-17 to evaluation of botanical insecticides against pod borer on cowpea. Two rounds of insecticides were sprayed at fifteen days interval. The most effective treatment evaluated against pod borer was chlorpyriphos 20 EC@ 300g a.i. ha during first spray (1.97, 1.74 and 1.53 larvae /m at 3, 5, and 7 days after spray, respectively) and second spray (1.51, 1.54 and 1.93 larvae /m at 3, 5 and 7days after spray, respectively) followed by neem oil @ 2 % first spray (4.30, 4.08 and 3.52 larvae /m ) second spray (3.00, 2.85 and 3.28 larvae /m ) and NSKE @ 5 % during first spray (4.62, 4.18 and 3.81 larvae /m ) second spray (3.12, 3.09 and 3.37 larvae /m ) respectively. The maximum larval population was found in untreated plot. The highest green pod yield of cowpea was recorded in Chlorpyriphos 20 EC@300g a.i. ha (53.12 qha followed by neem oil @ 2% (43.53 qha) and NSKE @ 5% (42.11 qha) while lowest yield recorded in untreated control plot ...