Assessing the Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water from Sources to Household Water Samples of the Rural Communities of Dire Dawa Administrative Council, Eastern Ethiopia (original) (raw)
Related papers
In Ethiopia, access to improved water supply and sanitation was estimated at 38% and 12% respectively. Three-forth of the health problems of children in Ethiopia are communicable diseases due to polluted water and improper water handling practices. Thus, this study was conducted to assess the level of contamination and the major sources of contaminant in rural communities of Dire Dawa. A total of 90 water samples from five types of water sources were collected and bacteriological water quality parameters were analyzed using the membrane filtration method by the procedures of the American Public Health Association. Water analysis demonstrated that all water sources in the study areas were contaminated with total coliforms, fecal coliform and parasites. The average counts of TC were in the range of 1.5-133.05CFU/100ml whereas the average counts of FC were found to be 0.34-54CFU/100ml. The mean concentration of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium ranges from 0 to 5.6 and 0 to 6.5, respectively. In all samples, the TC, FC and FS counts were above the recommended limit of WHO for drinking water quality (1-10CFU/100ml for TC, 0CFU/100ml for FC, 0CFU/100ml FS) whereas about 83.34% of the water samples in the three selected PAs had high risk of microbiological water quality parameters. Fecal coliform -fecal streptococci ratios in all water sources in this study showed that 45.0% indicated enteric contamination from human wastes and 55.0% was from domestic animal wastes. High concentration of microbiological indicators in all water sources of this study area suggested that the presence of pathogenic organisms which constitute a threat to anyone consuming or in contact with these waters. This is due to lack of good water treatment, lack of feasible disinfection, improper water handling practices and lack of the protection of the water sources. Consequently, protection of water sources accompanied by sanitation and hygiene promotion programs can improve the water quality of rural water sources, where disinfection is not feasible. Proper and basic sanitation, are of prime importance to deliver safe drinking water in the study site.
Science, Technology and Arts Research Journal, 2013
Article Information In Ethiopia, access to improved water supply and sanitation was estimated at 38% and 12% respectively. Three-forth of the health problems of children in Ethiopia are communicable diseases due to polluted water and improper water handling practices. Thus, this study was conducted to assess the microbiological quality of drinking water sources in rural communities of Dire Dawa Administrative Council (Adada Peasant Association). A cross-sectional study was conducted from February 2011 to May 2011. Microbiological water quality parameters were analyzed using the membrane filtration method. Water analysis demonstrated that all water sources in the study area were contaminated with total coliforms and fecal coliform. The fact that, about 83.34% of the water sample was positive for indicator bacteria shown that the three selected Peasant Associations had risk of contamination. High concentration of microbiological indicators in all water sources of this study area have demonstrated the presence of pathogenic organisms which constitute a threat to anyone consuming or in contact with these waters. The majority of the drinking water sources is either of unacceptable quality or grossly polluted. Regular quality control mechanisms need to be in place to ensure safety of drinking water.
PLOS ONE, 2021
Background Biological deterioration of drinking water is the major cause of waterborne disease globally. However, there is a paucity of information on identifying the point where deterioration of the bacteriological quality of drinking water occurs (source or point of use) and associated factors among households in developing countries, especially in Ethiopia. Method A community based cross-sectional study design was conducted among 425 households in Eastern Ethiopia. Households with at least one child under-five years of age were included in the study. A total of 448 Water samples (425 from households and 23 from water sources) were collected and analyzed by the membrane filtration method to identify Thermotolerant coliform. Binary logistic regression was performed to assess the association between each independent and dependent variable. Adjusted Odd Ratios along with 95% Confidence intervals were estimated to identify factors associated with the outcome variable. Result This study revealed that 21.7%; 95% CI (4.5%, 39.1%) of water sources and 83.3%; 95% CI (79.8%, 87.1%) of households' drinking water were contaminated by thermotolerant coliform. Drinking water samples from households with poor wealth index [AOR = 9.63; 95%CI (2.92, 31.69)], households with unimproved sanitation facility [AOR = 2.81; 95%CI (1.31, 6.01)], households which shares their house with animal [AOR = 3.73; 95%CI (1.66, 8.37)], households that didn't practice household water treatment [AOR = 3.42; 95%CI (1.60, 7.31)] and not washing hands before water collection [AOR = 7.04; 95%CI (2.22, 22.30)] were significantly associated with deterioration of bacteriological quality of household drinking water.
In the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region of Ethiopia, improved water is the main source of water for household purposes. Access to improved water closer to their homes benefits the community in many ways. It improves their health status, saves their time and energy, and improves their productivity in jobs and education they are engaged in. However, due to natural and human activities, improved water sources do not always deliver good quality of water. It can be contaminated by different pathogenic microorganisms and chemicals. The result indicated that 44.7% and 50.9% of the samples were contaminated with Escherichia coli and enterococci respectively, and from the sanitary condition survey, 57.6% of the water sources exhibited from intermediate-to very high-risk level. And the risk priority matrix identifies 95 (27.9%) samples with high risk and 54 (15.9%) of the samples with very high risk. The main risks identified at those Environ Monit Assess (2020) 192:319
African Journal of Microbiology Research
Fecal contamination of drinking water is a major problem in rural communities of Ethiopia, where surface water sources like rivers, wells, and lakes are used for drinking. In spite of these problems, few data exist on the microbiological safety of water sources in these settings. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the microbiological safety of drinking water from the sources and households in selected communities of Shashemane rural district, Ethiopia. A descriptive analytic study was used to examine the bacteriological quality of drinking water from sources and household containers. Data on water collection and storage practices were collected using structured questionnaires. Water samples were collected according to the WHO Guidelines for drinking water quality assessment from surface and ground water sources which are used directly for drinking purpose in the community. Water samples were examined for total coliforms and fecal coliforms using the most probable number methods. The detection of Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, and Vibrio cholerae were assessed by biochemical tests. Total coliforms were detected in higher proportion in all water source samples. Fecal coliform contamination was detected in all water sources, except in hand pipes. E. coli, Salmonella and Shigella species were detected in water samples from river and wells. Total coliforms, fecal coliforms, E. coli and Salmonella spp. were also detected in water samples from households. The bacteriological load of the sampled water from source and households was found to be higher than the maximum value set for drinking water. Therefore, enabling the community access to potable water through encouraging construction of toilets, creating proper domestic and animal waste disposal system and rendering health education and sanitation practices for the community is recommended.
International Journal of Microbiology
The quality of drinking water is a powerful environmental determinant of health. Water becomes contaminated with faecal material due to inadequate protection of the source, unhygienic practices of the community at the source, and poor household handling practices. The objective of this study was to assess the level of bacteriological contamination of drinking water supply from protected water sources to point of use and water handling practices among beneficiary households of Boloso Sore woreda, Wolaita zone, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional survey and bacteriological analysis of water were conducted in January 2019. The study included 545 households for water handling practices, and 75 samples from stored water from households and eighteen water sources were included for faecal coliform test. Data were analyzed using SPSS v21.0. Descriptive and logistic regression statistical models were used. Sixty percent of shallow wells, 60% of protected hand-dug wells, and 25% of protected on-spot ...
Quality and Safety of Rural Community Drinking Water Sources in Guto Gida District, Oromia, Ethiopia
Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2021
The quality of drinking water has always been a major public health concern, especially in developing countries where access to improved water supply and sanitation is very low. This study aimed to assess the bacteriological and physicochemical quality of rural community drinking water sources in the Guto Gida district. A cross-sectional study was conducted in selected rural areas of the district from January to June 2016. Water samples were collected from four types of sources (protected dug well, open dug well, protected spring, and open spring) found in 8 locations of the study area. The membrane filtration technique was employed to determine the total coliform and faecal coliform load of the samples. The physicochemical characteristics such as total dissolved solid (TDS), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, temperature, color, iron, manganese, lead, fluoride, zinc, sulphate, nitrate, and phosphate were analyzed following the American Public Health Association and WHO st...
African Health Sciences, 2014
Background: Accesses to safe water is a universal need however, many of the world's population lack access to adequate and safe water. Consumption of water contaminated causes health risk to the public and the situation is serous in rural areas. Objectives: To assess the bacteriological and physico-chemical quality of drinking water sources in a rural community of Ethiopia. Methods: Water samples were collected from tap, open springs, open dug wells and protected springs for bacteriological analysis of total coliforms and thermotolerant coliforms. The turbidity, pH and temperature were measured immediately after collection. Results: Most drinking water sources were found to have coliform counts above the recommended national and international guidelines and had high sanitary risk scores. There was a statistically significant difference among water sources with respect to TC and TTC (p < 0.05) and there was a statistically significant positive correlation between coliform counts and sanitary risk scores (p < 0.01). Most water sources didn't satisfy the turbidity values recommended by WHO. Conclusion: The water sources were heavily contaminated which suggested poor protection and sanitation practice in the water sources. Source protection strategies as well as monitoring are recommend for this community.
2019
This study is an investigation on microbial quality of drinking water and public health assessment in Adama town during June to December 2016. Accordingly, seven strata were formed from the total distribution system of municipal drinking water supply starting from the raw water intake up to community storage. Public health was assessed by using primary and secondary data. The presences of the indicator organism (TCB, FCB and E.coli) were considered for drinking water quality visa -vis public health. A multi-tube fermentation technique was employed to evaluate the indicator organism and the result was expressed in the MPN. Residual chlorine were evaluated at each stratum. 52 sample per month were tested and totally 312 samples are tested entire the study period. The findings revealed that 26.28% of samples examined were positive for TCB, 9.29% for FCB and 0.96% for E. coli. 30% of the E.coli contamination was due to unhygienic handling of water after collection. The result of the present study showed that 27.06% of cases admitted for laboratory test in the government health care centre were either waterborne or water related diseases. Among those positive samples for indicator organism, 79.89% of them were confirmed with the physical address of patients. Quality of drinking water alteration in the study area is mainly at home due to unhygienic handling. Furthermore, illegal extension, infrastructural expansion, low initial concentration of chlorine, aging of pipeline, distribution by rotation and lack public awareness in general are the other main reasons for water quality impairment. These factors have to be considered to maintain public health in the area by concerned bodies drinking water provider and user.
Source to in-house and seasonal contamination of drinking-water quality is a persistent problem in developing countries. This study was conducted in Damot Sore Woreda, Southern Ethiopia to examine physico chemical and bacteriological quality of drinking water. For this study, four Kebele administrations were selected by purposive sampling technique. Location map and water quality sampling point were prepared using Arc GIS 9.2 software. A total of 55 water samples were taken and examined for physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters;11from source,11 from household containers,11 from drinking cup,11 for dry and 11 for wet season. One way ANOVA and correlation was employed to see the statistical difference of the variables at 5% significant level and to observe associations of variables. The result of water quality revealed that average value of all selected physico chemical parameters showed variation from source to storage. But only the value of temperature decrease significantly from supplied source to household storage (p=0.036). However, other parameters showed no significant change from source to storage. Bacteriological parameters showed variation from source to household storage and from storage to point of use. The concentration of total coliform increases significantly from supplied source to point of use (p=0.024). The dry and wet season measurement showed variations in physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters. However, statistically no significant difference observed between dry and wet season in all parameters studied. The result of water quality test revealed that average values for all selected physico-chemical parameters were found within the acceptable limit of ES and WHO standards, except Temperature and Phosphate. But the result of bacteriological water quality for all sampled sites exceeded the ES and WHO standards. So, supplied water in the area is bacteriologically contaminated and therefore not suitable for domestic purposes unless treated.