The effectiveness of the zoning system in the management of reef fisheries in the marine protected area of Karimunjawa National Park, Indonesia (original) (raw)
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Fishers' Needs in Marine Protected Area Zoning: A Case Study from Thailand
Coastal Management, 2006
Conserving marine ecosystems, while ensuring the livelihood needs of communities, is a challenge for protected area managers worldwide. Multiple-use zoning can help to balance human uses with conservation goals. Developing effective zoning plans requires information on the condition and uses of marine resources and the conflicts among them. Through interviews and participant observation, we investigated residents' reliance on nearshore fisheries in Ko Chang Marine National Park, a designated "no-take" area in eastern Thailand. Approximately 25% of households depended on fishing as their main source of income, with boat owners earning average net wages of 7-68 US$/day in small-scale fisheries. Apparently unaware of restrictions on resource use, small-scale fishers reported working in 95% of the park's marine waters. Understanding the needs and usage patterns of small-scale fishers will help to inform management and zoning plans for Ko Chang and provide a valuable example for other parks in the region.
2003
Marine protected areas (MPAs) have been established around the world to meet a variety of environmental and socioeconomic needs. Conserving marine ecosystem components and processes, while still ensuring that local residents can meet their own livelihood needs, has been a challenge for many protected area managers. Multiple-use zoning has been used in several MPAs to balance the needs of different user groups, such as fishers and tour operators, and meet conservation goals within the same area. Developing such zoning plans requires that, among other aspects, the usage patterns, expectations, attitudes, and knowledge of local people be considered. Combining semistructured interviews and participant observation, this study investigated the reliance of local residents on nearshore fisheries within the boundaries of KO Chang Marine National Park (MNP), a designated no-take area located off the eastern coast of Thailand. Approximately 25% of the households in KO Chang MNP were found to depend on fishing as their main source of year-round income, with small-scale fishers being involved primarily in the shrimp trammel net, squid trap, crab trap, fish gill net, hookand-line, and reef fish trap fisheries. Fully unaware of restrictions limiting their access to fishing grounds, small-scale fishers made approximately 35,000 fishing trips during 2002-2003, based on extrapolations fi-om individual fishers' responses during interviews. Small-scale fishers living within the park landed an estimated 324,000 kg/year of target fish and invertebrate species and a minimum of 52,000 kg/year of bycatch. Determining local communities' dependence on coastal fisheries, and identifying areas of low fishing pressure within the MNP, are needed to develop a zoning plan for the park that considers the current needs of local communities. Overlaying these fisheries data with oceanographic and ecological information will, over the long-term, allow managers to establish practical and functional no-take zones within the MNP.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2021
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS 1982) affirms that the government has sovereign rights, jurisdiction, and obligations in Indonesia's EEZ. Indonesia has an interest in protecting sovereign rights and increasing state revenues in the waters of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). That sovereign right is to use fishery resources responsibly for the benefit of the nation and society as a whole. The sole purpose of this qualitative research is to optimize fisheries utilization in the Rote Ndao Regency whose waters include the Fisheries Management Area of 573 (FMA-573) in the EEZ. The analysis had been carried out with a case study approach and then descriptively elaborated. The results showed that: 1) the use of fisheries in FMA-573 was carried out by traditional fishermen (using vessels .10 Gross Tonnage/GT) and fishermen using vessels >29 GT; 2) supervision is still needed for the improvement of ships and human resources; 3) there are still violations of territorial waters by traditional Indonesian fishermen. The policy recommendations that must be carried out by the government are: 1) encouraging local fishermen to catch fish in the FMA-573 area by providing stimulus for ships and fishing gear; 2) allocate budget to purchase a new fleet of ships and add supervisors; 3) increase the number of fishery instructors to foster and socialize the boundaries of Indonesia's EEZ with Australia.
Coastal Management, 2004
Community-based coastal resources management has become a popular approach to marine conservation and sustainable fisheries management in the Asia-Pacific region. One premise of this approach is that enforcement of community management initiatives is the primary responsibility of the community and that, in most instances, they have the capability to effectively enforce locally developed regulations and rules. The socioeconomic theory of resource management compliance is reviewed and applied to community-based case examples from North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Compliance with nondestructive exploitation practices in several village sites, empirically measured by changes in live hard coral cover, was related to reef distance from a settlement area and not significantly related to visibility from a settlement. A typology of enforcement strategies relative to the type of violator and violation is presented. In certain instances, a comanagement approach is preferred in order to achieve effective enforcement and high compliance.
Recent development of marine protected areas (MPAs) in Indonesia: Policies and governance
Up to 2007, Central Government of Indonesia (Jakarta) has enacted four National Legislations related to MPA establishment and management. Field visits were conducted to six different MPAs with different level of management -Manokwari, Raja Ampat, Wakatobi, Berau, Komodo and Nusa Penida. The study aimed to document mode of declaration and governance of different MPAs in Indonesia. Our finding from Manokwari and Raja Ampat indicated that various MPAs in Indonesia have been practiced over years, even before the Dutch colonization. Villagers committed and complied with all verbal rules of Sasi Laut, local name of community-managed MPAs in Papua. Under New Era (Orde Baru) of Suharto (1970 -1995), Ministry of Forestry has designated various MPAs spread over the archipelago. All MPAs are equipped with clear zoning regulation and management body (Manokwari, Wakatobi and Komodo). However, the level of compliance were very low and many were considered as just paper park. Since 2004, Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Affairs was given a responsibility in the development and management of MPAs with main objective to sustain marine capture fisheries (Berau, Raja Ampat and Nusa Penida). Roadmap of these new and immature MPAs are not completed, yet need a clear regulation to restrict resource uses and with a clear management body.
Indonesian Journal of Social and Environmental Issues (IJSEI)
The spirit of fisheries modernization or known as the blue revolution is to transform traditional fishing communities into modern fishermen. This paradigm aims to utilize marine resources in a modern way to increase the income of fishing communities in particular, and the income of the State in general. However, in its implementation, the use of maritime resources tends to lead to massive exploitation, thus causing damage to biodiversity and threatening ecological sustainability. Therefore, it is necessary to manage sustainable marine resources as carried out by the Bajo people. This study aims to describe the zoning system in marine resource conservation, the values of local wisdom contained in the marine conservation system, and its benefits in ecological sustainability. Methodologically, this study uses a qualitative approach, a type of ethnography. Data was collected through a process of in-depth interviews and observations. There are three main issues in the findings of this re...
Fisheries management policy in Indonesia’s Exclusive Economic Zone area
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2021
The existing fisheries management within the Indonesian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is based upon several regulations derived from international conventions, national regulations, as well as conventions mutually agreed by Regional Fisheries Management Organizations members, which is intended to ensure that fish resources in the EEZ area can be managed optimally and sustainably. The sole purpose of this qualitative research is to examine national and international policies that regulate fisheries management in the Indonesian EEZ waters. The analysis was carried out qualitatively with a normative juridical approach and then descriptively elaborated. The results showed that the national regulations issued by the government has already referred to the UNCLOS 1982 and WCPFC Conventions, but the implementation has been far from optimal due to the heaps of regulatory references. Therefore, it is of utmost importance that the government set its policies on setting up appropriate regulations and simplifying all national regulations governing fisheries management in the Indonesian EEZ into a single regulation. It is meant to avoid overlapping arrangements and facilitate a much better implementation.
2021
Coastal areas and small islands have great potential resources that need to be protected and used for the people's greatest benefits, so they need to be established both in social, economic, cultural, environmental, and as a buffer for the sovereignty of the country. The goal of this study is to identify in the Togean Islands, Tojo Una-Una Regency, Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia, items that are barriers and driving factors for sustainable management of sea fishing. The benefit of this research area is becoming a national park that contains exceptional marine resources. Interviews with a range of fishermen, traders, government and others. This article describes the findings of driver recognition that can promote the elimination of barriers in the management of sea fishing in the Togean Islands. The results of this study can be used as a guide when defining obstacle es and catalysts in the management of sustainability of marine fisheries. This will help to define and prepare...
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2017
Kei Islands located inside the coral triangle. Therefore, the biodiversity level on the sea in this area is considered high. United nation has proposed for water that included in the coral triangle has to apply marine protected area (MPA) to preserve the area. The main problem is most of the community especially in Kei Islands have depended on the sea as their sources of the economy even fisheries commodity like fish play a large part on the inflation rate and other prosperity indicators likes school and housing. Also, Kei Islands practice on form local wisdom for owning areal of the sea which calls "petuanan laut" by certain of villages or group of villages in one area. This study aimed to map the cluster of catching fisheries area based on the quantity of fish supply on a local market in Kei Islands and measure each cluster on their support and perspective on Marine Protected Area (MPA). We conducted a focus group discussion and collecting additional data by questionnaires with descriptive and quantitative analysis with logistic regression. The implication of this study can provide a clear view of coastal communities view on MPA program also to identify an area that has marine resources, human resources, and equipment to provide government an empirical view on catching fisheries in Kei Islands to issued better policy to develop fishing industry in Kei Islands.
Jurnal Pembangunan Dan Alam Lestari, 2015
This paper examines TWP Gili Matra as a case study to illustrate the current situation of MPAs in Indonesia. It will use qualitative approach to discuss the extant government policies through key informant interviews and reviews of documents with the consideration of different factors that impede such program which was then analyzed using the policy implementation analysis framework developed by Najam (1995). The result of the study shows that implementation of MPAs policy in TWP Gili Matra has not well implemented yet because of some constraining factors explained by the Najam's framework. Thus, it need several clear action to be considered in suppressing such constraining factors and improving supporting factor of the management and development of TWP Gili Matra.