The potential role of herbal products in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (original) (raw)
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An Overview of Parkinson's Disease and Oxidative Stress: Herbal Scenario
The prevalence of Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, is increasing day by day and poses a great threat to the elderly population. Its main neuropathological feature is the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). However, the pathogenesis of PD is not understood fully. Clinical, experimental, microanatomic, and biochemical evidence suggest PD involves multifactorial oxidative neurodegeneration. The SNpc is uniquely vulnerable to oxidative damage, having a high content of oxidizable dopamine, neuromelanin, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and iron, and relatively low antioxidant complement with high metabolic rate. The aim of this review is to bring out the incidence of PD in India compared to that of Europe. Since ancient times plants have been valued for their medicinal properties, and many cultures still rely on plants as their major source of medicine. In this review we discuss the role of Indian medicinal plants in countering free-radical damage and also give you a glimpse about the clinical and pathological features of PD, available treatments, their drawbacks, and future challenges to overcome PD. KEY WORDS: Parkinson's disease, oxidative stress, herbs Parkinson disease and oxidative stress Volume 1, Number 2, 2012 of cellular dysfunction.
Review of natural products on Parkinson's disease pathology
This review examines evidence of plant-derived natural products and their constituents that have been shown to slow down or reverse the underlying neuronal degeneration observed in Parkinson's disease (PD), with a focus on their effect on the modulation of dopaminergic neurotransission levels and motor function. During the last decade, there have been over 140 studies published that have investigated the anti-PD therapeutic potential of herbs, fruits, vegetables and spices, ornamental and parasitic plants, and fungi. Empirical evidence implicates phytochemicals may play a role in the prevention and mitigation of some of the intractable signs and symptoms of PD. The anti-PD effects exhibited by these natural products are considered to be due to their ability to modulate; reactive oxygen species production, neuroinflammation, dopamine production, excitotoxicity, metal homeostasis, mitochondrial function, and cellular signaling pathways, which are all disrupted in the PD brain. However, the precise neuroprotective mechanism of action of natural products for PD remains unclear. Research is necessary to further elucidate the mechanisms by which these compounds are efficacious in attenuating PD or controlling PD-related symptoms.
Plants as a promising source for the treatment of parkinson disease: A systemic review
IP International Journal of Comprehensive and Advanced Pharmacology
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of the nigrostriatal system's pigmented dopaminergic neurons with a subsequent drop in dopamine. PD refers to such motor disorders such as resting tremor, muscle stiffness, and slow motion. Recent studies have shown that there has been an increasing interest in natural products particularly plants, for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. The anti-PD effects of these natural products are considered to be due to their regulation ability; development of reactive oxygen species, neuroinflammation, production of dopamine, excitotoxicity, metal homeostasis, mitochondrial function, and cellular signaling pathways, all of which are disordered in the PD brain. This review explores neuronal degeneration observed in Parkinson's disease has been slowed down or reversed by medicinal plants and natural products and their constituents.
111-119 (ijprr)parkinson's disease a phytochemical approach.pdf
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive and age-dependent neurodegenerative movement disorder. It is characterized by a selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNPC) region of the midbrain that culminates in the major clinical symptoms of PD. The etiology of the neuronal cell death is still unclear, but mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and subsequent apoptotic cell death have been considered as underlying mechanisms of dopaminergic cell death. Although the current therapeutics applied for this disorder produce a symptomatic relief, treatment strategies for slowing down the disease progression are yet to be developed. Under these circumstances with no causal therapy is yet available, biomedical researchers are turning their interests towards exploiting the wealth of traditional knowledge on medicinal plants. This review presents the current scientific information on the neuroprotective potential of traditional plants like Mucuna pruriens, Gingko biloba, Panax ginseng, Centella asiatica, Bacopa monnieri, Withania somnifera, Scutellaria baicalensis and some popular phytochemical constituents. This information may contribute largely for developing better protective neurotherapeutics for Parkinson's disease in near future.
Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2017
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological disorder with a complex pathological etiology, which is not fully understood. Progression of PD may be the result of a buildup of iron in the substantia nigra, microgliamediated neuroinflammation, dysfunctional mitochondria, or abnormal protein handling. Dopamine is the main neurotransmitter affected, but as the disease progresses, a decrease in all the brain's biogenic amines occurs. Current medication used in the treatment of PD aims to prevent the breakdown of dopamine or increase dopaminergic neurotransmission in the central nervous system. The complementary use of green tea (Camellia sinensis), red wine (Vitis vinifera), arctic root (Rhodiola rosea), and dwarf periwinkle (Vinca minor) may have a greater therapeutic effect than current pharmaceutical drugs, such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors or dopamine agonists alone. The bioactive components of these plants have been shown to have neuroprotective, antioxidant, anti-proteinopathies, neural-vasodilation, anti-inflammatory, and iron chelating potential. They may treat the disease at the cellular level by decreasing microglia activation, attenuating damage from radical oxygen species, supporting correct protein folding, chelating iron, increasing the substantia nigra blood flow, and promoting dopaminergic cell growth. Although these alternative medicines appear to have potential, further human clinical trials need to be conducted to determine whether they could have a greater therapeutic effect than conventional medicines alone.
Multifunctional role of natural products for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease: At a glance
Frontiers in Pharmacology
Natural substances originating from plants have long been used to treat neurodegenerative disorders (NDs). Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a ND. The deterioration and subsequent cognitive impairments of the midbrain nigral dopaminergic neurons distinguish by this characteristic. Various pathogenic mechanisms and critical components have been reported, despite the fact that the origin is unknown, such as protein aggregation, iron buildup, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Anti-Parkinson drugs like dopamine (DA) agonists, levodopa, carbidopa, monoamine oxidase type B inhibitors and anticholinergics are used to replace DA in the current treatment model. Surgery is advised in cases where drug therapy is ineffective. Unfortunately, the current conventional treatments for PD have a number of harmful side effects and are expensive. As a result, new therapeutic strategies that control the mechanisms that contribute to neuronal death and dysfunction must be addre...
Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin
have been shown to play a vital role in survival of neurons and alleviation of PD syptomes. 12,13 Recently, the strong neuro-protective effect of medicinal plants extracts and phytochemicals in reduction of PD signs due to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties has been heighlited in various studies. 14-16 Phytochemicals such as thymoquinone (TQ), crocin, curcumin and polyphenols have been shown to have cosidarable protective effects on nervous system via moulation oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. 17-20 Therefore, the present review was aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of medicinal plants and ingredients on PD. Methods The data narrated in our review were assembled from databases PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar until the end of May 2019. Data consist of animal and clinical researches. Letter to the editors and non-English language articles were not considered. Mucuna pruriens Mucuna pruriens from the Fabaceae family has been used in Indian traditional medicine for curing diseases such as PD (see Figure 1). 21 One of the principal constitutes of this plant is L-dopa. 22 The administration of food endocarp of M. pruriens seeds (5 g/kg) combined with carbidopa (50
South African Journal of Botany, 2019
Parkinson's disease, characterised by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain, is attributed to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. As no cure is available, and dopamine-replacement therapy only offers symptomatic relief, other avenues of treatment are sought. Acokanthera oppositifolia, Boophone disticha and Xysmalobium undulatum are used ethnomedicinally for the treatment of neurological disorders, however, these plants have not been assessed in vitro for cytoprotective activity. The aim of the study was to assess the cytoprotective activity of these three plants in an in vitro SH-SY5Y cellular model of Parkinson's disease induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Plant material was extracted using acetone and methanol ultrasonic maceration. Cytotoxicity was induced by exposing cells to 33.3 μM 6-OHDA for 2 h, followed by 24 h incubation with the crude extracts. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography high definition mass spectrometry was used for tentative identification of phytochemicals. Cytoprotection was initially assessed using the sulforhodamine B staining assay to determine concentration ranges. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, reduced glutathione (GSH) content, intracellular Ca 2+ flux and ATP levels were assessed using the JC-1 ratiometric, dihydrodichlorofluorescein cleavage, monochlorobamine adduct formation, Fura-2AM and bioluminescence assays, respectively. Cell morphology was visualized using polarisation-optical transmitted light differential interference contrast microscopy. Several phytochemicals were tentatively identified that are known markers in the plant species, however, little difference was noted between the acetone and methanol extracts qualitatively. Extracts reduced cell density by 91%, increased ROS (217.7%) and GSH (102.1%) levels. Mitochondrial depolarisation (54.2%) was evident. Crude extracts attenuated cytotoxicity by reducing ROS and sustaining ATP production, however, no alteration to MMP was observed. Furthermore, Ca 2+ effects were maintained by B. disticha and X. undulatum, but reduced by A. oppositifolia. Morphological changes, characteristic of cytotoxicity, was observed when exposed to 6-OHDAin the micrographs. Intermediate-polarity extracts reduced the detrimental effects associated with 6-OHDAinduced cytotoxicity. Xysmalobium undulatum (5 μg/mL) displayed the greatest level of cytoprotection, however, the inherent cytotoxicity may limit the usefulness of extracts during treatment of disease. Although none of the plant extracts showed potential to reverse in vitro characteristics of Parkinson's disease completely, concomitant use with dopamine replacement therapy should be investigated as a possible treatment modality. Adjunct use of the crude extracts with traditional dopamine replacement therapy may offer an alternative approach, however, future studies are required to elucidate the feasibility of such a combination.
Molecules, 2012
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex multifactorial disease marked by extensive neuropathology in the brain with selective yet prominent and progressive loss of mid-brain dopaminergic neurons. The etiological factors involved in the development of PD are still elusive, but oxidative stress arising when reactive oxygen species (ROS) exceed amounts required for normal redox signaling is considered one of the major factors. ROS cause oxidative damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA and are one of the most prominent factors related to neurodegeneration. Pre-clinical and clinical studies clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of PD. Therefore, regulation of redox signaling and inhibiting excess ROS would contribute greatly not only to extend longevity but also to ameliorate the progression of dopaminergic cell death seen in patients with PD. Several herbal products are beneficial for maintaining nerve cell function and for treating various neurodegenerative disorders by reducing oxidative stress. Here, we summarize the recent knowledge concerning promising herbs that have shown significant beneficial effects based on regulation of redox status and ROS inhibition in toxin-induced PD models.
Natural products: An emerging tool in parkinson’s disease therapeutics
IP innovative publication pvt. ltd, 2019
Parkinson’s disease is a age associated chronic neurodegenerative disorder of central nervous system characterized by selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in substaintia nigra pars compacta which causes functional impairment of midbrain. Although the cause of PD is still not known, but there are several factors such asoxidative stress, genetic mutations, mitochondrial dysfunction, aggregationprotein specifically a- synuclein and neuroinflammation play apivotal role in pathogenesis of PD. The current treatment primarily includes dopaminergic and non-dopaminegic medications which only provides symptomatic relief and when drug therapy is fails to provide relief, the next step is surgical treatments. Unfortunately the current regimens have certain limitations with multiple side effectsand possess economic burden thus, there is a need to discovered new therapeutic approaches which have antiparkinsonial potential and minimum adverse effects. For many years, some phytoconstituents from natural products have provided an competent resource for the revelation of potential therapeutic agents. The anti-PD potential of these phytoconstituents is because of their well apperceived anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory activities, their repressive role on agreegation of protein and the regulatory effects of PD cognate pathways. The intention of this review article is to cover the potential of phytoconstituents against the neurodegeneration intangle in PD and to encourage the improvement in future novel treatment strategies predicated on natural sources.