Composition and physical properties (original) (raw)
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2018
Crude oil, commonly known as petroleum, is a liquid found within the Earth comprised of hydrocarbons, organic compounds and small amounts of metal. While hydrocarbons are usually the primary component of crude oil, their composition can vary from 50%-97% depending on the type of crude oil and how it is extracted. Organic compounds like nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur typically make-up between 6%-10% of crude oil while metals such as copper, arsenic, nickel, vanadium and iron account for less than 1% of the total composition. Inorganic salts of magnesium chloride, sodium chlorides, and other mineral salts are also accompanied with crude oil from the well either because of water from formation or water and chemicals injected during drilling and production.
Molecular components-based representation of petroleum fractions
Chemical Engineering Research & Design, 2011
Characterisation of petroleum fractions is the systematic analysis and representation of composition and properties of petroleum fractions. Characterisation methods play an important role in understanding of the physical and chemical behaviour of a petroleum fraction, its individual constituents, and are essential for modelling of refinery processes. In order to comply with the current and future product specifications for cleaner fuels,
Petroleum Chemical Composition
Petroleum Chemical Composition, 2022
The knowledge of chemical composition of crude oil is important which is correlated to the origin of organic matter, behavior of petroleum during refining, quality of petroleum products and environmental impact. The various factors influencing chemical compositions such as characteristics of original organic matter, geological environment and production methods are described. Details of chemical composition is given which is divided into elemental and molecular compositions. Elemental composition is simpler and can be descried by citing few elements C, H, N, O, S, and metal. They all vary from field to field but remain within the small range. Significance of each element has been discussed. Molecular composition of natural gas is described which consists of a dozen molecules. Molecular composition of crude oil is complicated which is composed of thousands of molecules of different structure and characteristics. Molecules from low boiling point fraction up to 220 0 C can be identified by instrumental analytical methods. Heavier residual fraction composed complex structure and individual molecules cannot be identified. Complexity of molecules increases with molecular size and boiling point. For convenience and practical and applications, crude oil is divided into seven molecular types of organic compounds called homologous series, paraffins, olefins. naphthenes, aromatics, naphthenes-aromatics, resins and asphaltenes. Each type is also complex mixture but much simpler than crude oil matrix. Nomenclature, chemical formula and property of each molecular type has been discussed in detail.
Lab: CTEBC - Low Carbon Energy and Technology Center, 2019
According to Price, Leigh C. (1997) Stachel, T; Anetta Banas; Karlis Muehlenbachs; Stephan Kurszlaukis; Edward C. Walker (2006) for the formation of oil is necessary a non-oxidizing environment, thus, it is assumed a deposition environment composed of sediments of low permeability, inhibiting the action of circulating water inside. The technical composition of oil, also called crude oil, can be defined as a complex naturally occurring mixture consisting predominantly of hydrocarbons (up to 90% of its composition) and organic sulfur derivatives (such as mercaptans, sulfides, thiophenes (in the form of pyridine, pyrrole, quinoline, porphyrins, etc.), oxygenates (present as carboxylic and naphthenic acids, phenol, cresol) and organometallic acids.
Comparison of Fractionation Methods for the Structural Characterization of Petroleum Residues
Energy & Fuels, 2001
Two petroleum residues have been fractionated using solvent (heptane) separation, planar and column chromatography. The residues and the separated fractions have been characterized by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), MALDI (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization) mass spectrometry, and by UV-fluorescence spectroscopy (UV-F). MALDI mass spectrometry has indicated both residues to contain material with molecular mass ranges up to 15 000 u. The upper mass ranges indicated by size exclusion chromatography using polystyrene standards were higher; the earliest eluting material from both distillation residues eluted at times corresponding to polystyrene standards of MMs above 1.85 million u. Data from UV-F suggests that the heptane solubility separation method was the most successful for the separation of the largest molecular masssand also probably the most polarsmaterials in these residues. However, all three fractionation methods produced similar trends, showing greater polarity of the fractions to correlate with increasing molecular mass. The shift of maximum intensity of fluorescence toward longer wavelengths (in UV-fluorescence) with increasing molecular size, as indicated by SEC, strongly suggests that the fluorescing molecules are large rather than aggregates of small molecules.