Contribution of lignin degrading enzymes in Decolourisation & degradation of reactive textile dyes (original) (raw)
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Invention of permanent and un-removable dyes created a revolution in textile industries but at the same time posed a severe problem of ground water contamination due to their recalcitrant nature and its release in rivers. This problem can be resolved by application of ligninolytic enzymes produced by white rot fungus. Therefore, a wild strain of Phanerochaete chrysosporium growing on dead wood logs collected from Girnar Forest (Gujarat, India) was evaluated for its biodecolourisation and biodegradation of common textile dyes (i.e. Reactive Golden yellow HRNL, Reactive yellow FG, Reactive orange 2R, and Reactive magenta HB). On the 11th day of inoculation, complete disappearance of all dyes except Reactive Yellow FG (which took only 9 days) was observed on solid and liquid medium. Growth media supplemented with different carbon and nitrogen sources enhanced the rate of decolourisation. Among them, dextrose and asparagine were found to be the best carbon and nitrogen sources respectively to boost up the rate of decolourisation. Visual decolourisation of dyes does not prove its degradation; therefore, breakdown of different bonds within dyes structure was confirmed by FTIR analysis of all dyes after treating with partially purified Manganese Peroxidase enzyme (52.8 kDa molecular weight) extracted from P. chrysosporium through solid state fermentation.
Degradation of textile dyes mediated by plant peroxidases
Applied biochemistry and …, 2002
The peroxidase enzyme from the plants Ipomea palmata (1.003 IU/g of leaf) and Saccharum spontaneum (3.6 IU/g of leaf) can be used as an alternative to the commercial source of horseradish and soybean peroxidase enzyme for the decolorization of textile dyes, mainly azo dyes. Eight textiles dyes currently used by the industry and seven other dyes were selected for decolorization studies at 25-200 mg/L levels using these plant enzymes. The enzymes were purified prior to use by ammonium sulfate precipitation, and ion exchange and gel permeation chromatographic techniques. Peroxidase of S. spontaneum leaf (specific activity of 0.23 IU/mg) could completely degrade Supranol Green and Procion Green HE-4BD (100%) dyes within 1 h, whereas Direct Blue, Procion Brilliant Blue H-7G and Chrysoidine were degraded >70% in 1 h. Peroxidase of Ipomea (I. palmata leaf; specific activity of 0.827 U/mg) degraded 50 mg/L of the dyes Methyl Orange (26%), Crystal Violet (36%), and Supranol Green (68%) in 2-4 h and Brilliant Green (54%), Direct Blue (15%), and Chrysoidine (44%) at the 25 mg/L level in 1 to 2 h of treatment. The Saccharum peroxidase was immobilized on a hydrophobic matrix. Four textile dyes, Procion Navy Blue HER, Procion Brilliant Blue H-7G, Procion Green HE-4BD, and Supranol Green, at an initial concentration of 50 mg/L were completely degraded within 8 h by the enzyme immobilized on the modified polyethylene matrix. The immobilized enzyme was used in a batch reactor for the degradation of Procion Green HE-4BD and the reusability was studied for 15 cycles, and the halflife was found to be 60 h.
Azo dyes are the main group of dyes used in different industrial applications. These dyes are highly toxic for aquatic life, so their removal is of utmost importance before they can be disposed of in a main water body. The present study focused on degrading/mineralizing the synthetic reactive dye wastewater. Initial experiments were done with four indigenous white rot fungi. P. chrysosporium (PC) showed more potential toward degradation of synthetic dye wastewater than other three fungal strains, so it was selected for further optimization of different fermentation parameters. Maximum decolorization (84.8%) of reactive dye wastewater was obtained at pH 5, inoculum size 4 mL, and 30ºC. After optimizing experimental parameters, the effects of different nutritional factors like carbon and nitrogen sources were also studied. Decolorization of synthetic dye wastewater was increased from 84.8 to 89.2%, when rice bran was used as an additional carbon source. However, no increase in decolorization of synthetic dye wastewater was observed in the presence of nitrogen supplements. The screened fungal strain decolorized the wastewater up to 90%. The effect of different nutritional factors enhanced the degradation capability of the fungal strain under study. UV-visible and FTIR analyses confirmed the degradation of synthetic dye wastewater into simpler, non-toxic products.
Biodegradation of a Dye by Different White–rot Fungi on a Novel Agro Residue Based Medium
The present study highlights a simple and novel method for the production of ligninolytic enzymes on wheat straw (a cheap agricultural waste) extract and employing cell free enzyme extracts of seven white-rot fungal cultures to decolourise Poly R– 478 (a standard dye). The ligninolytic enzyme activities were correlated with dye degradation ability. The study has also been consolidated using immobilized fungal bioreactor at laboratory scale. The affectivity of degradation was assessed by analyzing the dye decolourisation with US-visible spectroscopy, studying decrease in chemical oxygen demand and toxicity of treated samples. The production of three ligninolytic enzymes was independent of incubation conditions with exception of laccase which was in general, better produced under stationary conditions. The Irpex flavus, Dichomitus squalens and Phlebia brevispora were the better dye degraders at bioreactor level. The ligninolytic enzyme maxima coincided with the maximum dye degradation rate. The chemical oxygen demand of the dye sample was lowered significantly by the D. squalens, P. brevispora and P. floridensis.
Biodegradation of azo and heterocyclic dyes by Phanerochaete chrysosporium
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1990
Biodegradation of Orange II, Tropaeolin O, Congo Red, and Azure B in cultures of the white rot fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, was demonstrated by decolarization of the culture medium, the extent of which was determined by monitoring the decrease in absorbance at or near the wavelength maximum for each dye. Metabolite formation was also monitored. Decolorization of these dyes was most extensive in ligninolytic cultures, but substantial decolorization also occurred in nonligninolytic cultures. Incubation with crude lignin peroxidase resulted in decolorization of Azure B, Orange II, and Tropaeolin O but not Congo Red, indicating that lignin peroxidase is not required in the initial step of Congo Red degradation.
Comparative studies of fungal degradation of single or mixed bioaccessible reactive azo dyes
Chemosphere, 2003
A screening using several fungi (Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pleurotus ostreatus, Trametes versicolor and Aureobasidium pullulans) was performed on the degradation of syringol derivatives of azo dyes possessing either carboxylic or sulphonic groups, under optimized conditions previously established by us. T. versicolor showed the best biodegradation performance and its potential was confirmed by the degradation of differently substituted fungal bioaccessible dyes. Enzymatic assays (lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, laccase, proteases and glyoxal oxidase) and GC-MS analysis were performed upon the assay obtained using the most degraded dye. The identification of hydroxylated metabolites allowed us to propose a possible metabolic pathway. Biodegradation assays using mixtures of these bioaccessible dyes were performed to evaluate the possibility of a fungal wastewater treatment for textile industries.
Advances in Bioresearch, 2020
Today with growing textile industry, the major problem which India is facing is to remove dye from effluent before discharge in the water bodies. In the present study, Lignin peroxidase (Lip) enzyme producing microbial strain FSV 3was studied for decolorization and detoxification of various synthetic dye like Congo red, Methyl orange, Methylene blue and Remazol brillent blue R. From the study, it was found that FSV 3 strain is able to decolorize and detoxify methylene blue and Remazol brillent blue R upto 100mg/L by 44 and 77% respectively on 144 hours of study, while for congo red and methylene orange show bioabsorption of dye.
Chemistry Central journal, 2012
Background: Synthetic dyes represent a broad and heterogeneous class of durable pollutants, that are released in large amounts by the textile industry. The ability of two immobilized metalloporphines (structurally emulating the ligninolytic peroxidases) to bleach six chosen dyes (alizarin red S, phenosafranine, xylenol orange, methylene blue, methyl green, and methyl orange) was compared to enzymatic catalysts. To achieve a green and sustainable process, very mild conditions were chosen. Results: IPS/MnTSPP was the most promising biomimetic catalyst as it was able to effectively and quickly bleach all tested dyes. Biomimetic catalysis was fully characterized: maximum activity was centered at neutral pH, in the absence of any organic solvent, using hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant. The immobilized metalloporphine kept a large part of its activity during multi-cycle use; however, well-known redox mediators were not able to increase its catalytic activity. IPS/MnTSPP was also more promising for use in industrial applications than its enzymatic counterparts (lignin peroxidase, laccase, manganese peroxidase, and horseradish peroxidase). Conclusions: On the whole, the conditions were very mild (standard pressure, room temperature and neutral pH, using no organic solvents, and the most environmental-friendly oxidant) and a significant bleaching and partial mineralization of the dyes was achieved in approximately 1 h. Therefore, the process was consistent with large-scale applications. The biomimetic catalyst also had more promising features than the enzymatic catalysts.