Morphology and Adaptation of Immature Stages of Hemipteran Insects (original) (raw)
2019, Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research
Pterodictya reticularis). Eggs are laid on tree surface and covered with waxy substances thus resembling like egg case. Nymphs often form long filaments presumably for protection against predators. 3. Cercopidae-Eg. spittle bugs Eggs are laid in mass on leaves surface, rounded in shape. Nymphs cover themselves on 7th & 8th abdominal segments with frothy mass which is a foam made of fluid voided from anus & from a mucilaginous material secreted by epidermal glands. Through caudal appendages, the air bubbles are inserted into the foam. Only nymphs are capable of producing foam for protection against other organisms and to avoid dessication. Adults do not produce foam. 4. Cicadidae-Eg. cicadas Eggs are inserted into grasses, shrubs, living or dead twigs of trees, which are elongated in shape, colourless to whitish in appearance. Nymphs can be recognized with massive & enlarged pincher-like forelegs adapted for digging and grasping. They hatch from the eggs in a month & are dropped to the ground, the last nymphal instar climbs up on tree where the final moult takes place. The 17-year cicada, Magicicada septendecim (L.) spends almost 17 years of its life cycle in its nymphal stage. 5. Membracidae-Eg. tree hoppers Eggs are laid individually or in groups either placed into living tissue of plant or deposited on surface, overwinter & hatch in spring. Nymphs are dropped to vegetation where they complete their development. The dorsal sides of thorax in nymphs are covered with tubercles or spines and can be differentiated from the adults by the absence of pronotal structure, but sometimes formed filaments or spinose projections on tergites. 6. Cicadellidae-Eg. leaf hoppers Eggs may either remain dormant for a month to almost a year or develop and hatch within few weeks. They undergo a series of 5 moults and reach its adult stage. Some special adaptations in nymphs are presence of jumping hind legs with the hind tibiae having two or more rows of spines, which are capable of powerful leaps adapted for search of food & avoiding predators; large eyes for excellent visual and also acts as avoidance from detection or capture by potential predators. Nymphs are also capable of detecting reflectance spectrum of several colors, with hues of yellow being most attractive. Several species (e.g. Glassy-winged sharpshooter-Homalodisca vitripennis) have the ability to produce white
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