The potential of public e-procurement technology to reduce corruption in public procurement (original) (raw)

Abstract

Public procurement, which accounts for almost 10 to percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in developed countries and almost 20 percent or more of GDP in developing countries, can be a mean for any governments to encourage broader reforms in terms of economic, technological, and social infrastructure improvements. Further, it can be a central instrument to assist in the efficient management of public resources. Corruption has hindered the desired efficiency in procurement process. Corruption in public procurement is an international issue that is recognised by many government institutions and international organisations including the World Bank, United Nations (UN), Asian Development Bank (ADB), Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Transparency International (TI). It is a threat to economic and human development in all countries and is believed to be increasing at alarming rates, especially in developing countries. Public procurement processes go through different stages including project planning, product design and documentation, tender process, contract award, and accounting and auditing and each stage has a risk of corruption. Several governments have adopted Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) as a tool to enhance transparency and accountability in the procurement process. The public e-procurement technology, one CERTIFICATION OF DISSERTATION I certify that the ideas, research works, results, analyses and conclusions reported in this dissertation are entirely my own effort, except where otherwise acknowledged. I also certify that the work is original and has not been previously submitted for another award, except where otherwise acknowledged.

Loading...

Loading Preview

Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.

References (285)

  1. Abdi, H. 2003, 'Partial least squares regression (PLS-regression)', in M Lewis-Beck, Bryman,A., & Futing, T. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Social Science Research Methods, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 792-5.
  2. Aboelmaged, MG 2010, 'Predicting e-procurement adoption in a developing country An empirical integration of technology acceptance model and theory of planned behaviour', Industrial Management & Data Systems, vol. 110, no. 3-4, pp. 392-414. ADB 2007 (Asian Development Bank) Fighting corruption in Afghanistan a roadmap for strategy and action, 6 ADB Avenue Mandaluyong City 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines, viewed July 12 2011, http://www.unodc.org/pdf/afg/anti\_corruption\_roadmap.pdf.
  3. Adebiyi, AA, Ayo, CK & Adebiyi Marion, O 2010, 'Development of electronic government procurement (e-GP) system for Nigeria public sector', International Journal of Electrical & Computer Sciences IJECS-IJENS, vol. 10, no. 06, pp. 74-84.
  4. Agrawal, N 2007, Strengthening governance through innovation use of ICT-A case study of e-procurement project of Andhra Pradesh, government of India, viewed 10 March 2010, http://www.napsipag-research.com/pdf/namrata.pdf.
  5. Ahmad, A-H, AL-Mutairi, NN & Thuwaini, SF 2013, 'The impact of adopting e- government on reduce administrative corruption: empirical evidence from Kuwait's public sector', Academy of Contemporary Research Journal, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 31-43.
  6. Aibinu, AA & Al-Lawati, AM 2010, 'Using PLS-SEM technique to model construction organizations' willingness to participate in e-bidding', Automation in Construction, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 714-24.
  7. Al-Moalla, A & Li, D 2010, 'Organisational issues with electronic government procurement: A case study of the UAE', The Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries, vol. 41, no. 3, p. 5.
  8. Alam, SS, Noor, M & Kamal, M 2009, 'ICT adoption in small and medium enterprises: An empirical evidence of service sectors in Malaysia', International Journal of Business and Management, vol. 4, no. 2, p. 112.
  9. Albrecht, WS, Albrecht, CC & Albrecht, CO 2004, 'Fraud and corporate executives: Agency, stewardship and broken trust', Journal of Forensic Accounting, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 109-30.
  10. Alexandrov, A 2010, 'Characteristics of single-item measures in Likert scale format', The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1-12.
  11. Alryalat, M, Dwivedi, Y, Williams, M & Rana, N 2013, 'Examining role of usefulness, ease of use and social influence on Jordanian citizen's intention to adopt e-government', paper presented to UK Academy for Information Systems Conference, Oxford, UK, 18-20th March 2013.
  12. Alsaghier, H, Ford, M, Nguyen, A & Hexel, R 2009, 'Conceptualising citizen's trust in e-government: Application of q methodology', Electronic Journal of E- government, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 295-310.
  13. Amagoh, F 2009, 'Information asymmetry and the contracting out process', The Innovation Journal: The Public Sector Innovation Journal, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 1-14.
  14. Aman, A & Kasimin, H 2011, 'E-procurement implementation: a case of Malaysia government', Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 330-44.
  15. Amaral, M, Saussier, S & Yvrande-Billon, A 2009, 'Auction procedures and competition in public services: The case of urban public transport in France and London', Utilities Policy, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 166-75.
  16. Andersen, TB 2008, E'government as an anti'corruption tool, Department of Economics, University of Copenhagen, StudiestrÊde 6, DK-1455, Copenhagen K, Denmark. Andersen, TB 2009, 'E-Government as an anti-corruption strategy', Information Economics and Policy, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 201-10.
  17. Angelov, S & Grefen, P 2008, 'An e-contracting reference architecture', Journal of Systems and Software, vol. 81, no. 11, pp. 1816-44.
  18. Anthopoulos, LG, Siozos, P & Tsoukalas, IA 2007, 'Applying participatory design and collaboration in digital public services for discovering and re-designing e- Government services', Government Information Quarterly, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 353-76.
  19. Ashley, P & Boyd, BW 2006, 'Quantitative and qualitative approaches to research in environmental management', Australasian Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 70-8.
  20. Asis, MGd, O'Leary, D, Ljung, P & Butterworth, J 2002, Improving transparency, integrity, and accountability in water supply and sanitation, The World Bank Washington, DC.
  21. Asogwa, BE 2013, 'Electronic government as a paradigm shift for efficient public services: Opportunities and challenges for Nigerian government', Library Hi Tech, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 141-59.
  22. Attaran, M 2001, 'The coming age of online procurement', Industrial Management and Data Systems, vol. 101, no. 3, pp. 177-80.
  23. Auriol, E 2006, 'Corruption in procurement and public purchase', International Journal of Industrial Organization, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 867-85.
  24. Babbie, ER 1973, Survey research methods, Wadsworth Publishing Co., Belmont, CA. Bacharach, SB 1989, 'Organizational theories: Some criteria for evaluation', Academy of management review, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 496-515.
  25. Bachmann, R & Inkpen, AC 2011, 'Understanding institutional-based trust building processes in inter-organizational relationships', Organization Studies, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 281-301.
  26. Bagozzi, RP & Yi, Y 1988, 'On the evaluation of structural equation models', Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 74-94.
  27. Balsevich, A, Pivovarova, S & Podkolzina, E 2011, 'Information transparency in public procurement: How it works in Russian regions', Higher School of Economics Research Paper No. WP BRP 01/EC/2011, Bannon, L 1999, The fight against corruption : A world bank perspective, viewed 16 July 2012, <http://www.iadb.org/regions/re2/consultative\_group/groups/transparency\_workshop
  28. Barua, A, Konana, P, Whinston, A & Yin, F 2001, 'E-business operations-driving e- business excellence', Sloan Management Review, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 36-44.
  29. Basant, R, Commander, S, Harrison, R & Menezes-Filho, N 2006, 'ICT adoption and productivity in developing countries: new firm level evidence from Brazil and India', IZA Discussion Paper No. 2294, Basheka, BC 2009, 'Procurement planning and local governance in Uganda: a factor analysis approach', International Journal of Procurement Management, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 191-209.
  30. Basu, V & Lederer, A 2011, 'Agency theory and consultant management in enterprise resource planning systems implementation', SIGMIS Database, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 10-33.
  31. Beaumont, J-F & Bocci, C 2009, 'A practical bootstrap method for testing hypotheses from survey data', Survey Methodology, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 25-35.
  32. Belanger, F & Carter, L 2008, 'Trust and risk in e-government adoption', The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 165-76.
  33. Bertot, J, Jaeger, P & Grimes, J 2010a, 'Using ICTs to create a culture of transparency: E-government and social media as openness and anti-corruption tools for societies', Government Information Quarterly, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 264-71.
  34. Bertot, JC, Jaeger, PT & Grimes, JM 2010b, 'Crowd-sourcing transparency: ICTs, social media, and government transparency initiatives', paper presented to Proceedings of the 11th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research, North America.
  35. Betts, M, Black, P, Christensen, SA, Dawson, E, Du, R, Duncan, W, Foo, E & Nieto, G 2010, 'Towards secure and legal e-tendering', Journal of Information Technology in Construction, vol. 11, pp. 89-102.
  36. Bhatnagar, S 2003, 'Transparency and corruption: Does e-government help?', Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (CHRI), p. 2.
  37. Bhattacherjee, A 2012, Social science research: Principles, methods, and practices, 2nd edition edn, Open Access Textbooks, Book 3, http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/oa\_textbooks/3/.
  38. Bhattarai, P, 2011, 'Curbing procurement corruption', Voices against corruption, viewed 10 June 2013, <http://voices-against- corruption.ning.com/profiles/blogs/curbing-procurement-corruption>.
  39. Bickel, P & Lehmann, E. 2012, 'Descriptive statistics for nonparametric models I. Introduction', in Selected Works of EL Lehmann, Springer, pp. 465-71.
  40. Bikshapathi, K, RamaRaju, P, Bhatnagar, S & Ahmedabad, I 2006, 'E-Procurement in government of Andhra Pradesh, India', Washington, DC: World Bank. Retrieved April, vol. 10, p. 2010.
  41. Block, C & Neumann, D 2008, 'A decision support system for choosing market mechanisms in e-procurement', Negotiation, Auctions, and Market Engineering, vol. 2, pp. 44-57.
  42. Boehm, F & Olaya, J 2006, 'Corruption in public contracting auctions: the role of transparency in bidding processes', Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, vol. 77, no. 4, pp. 431-52.
  43. Boer, L, Harink, J & Heijboer, G 2001, A model for assessing the impact of electronic procurement forms, In: 10th International Annual IPSERA Conference, 8- 11 April 2001,Jönköping, Sweden.
  44. Bond, S. 1993, 'Experimental research nursing: necessary but not sufficient ', in A Kitson (ed.), Nursing, Art and science, Chapman and Hall, London.
  45. Brandon-Jones, A & Carey, S 2011, 'The impact of user-perceived e-procurement quality on system and contract compliance', International Journal of Operations & Production Management, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 274-96.
  46. Braund, P, Frauscher, K, Schwittay, A & Petkoski, D 2007, Information and communications technology for economic development exploring possibilities for multi-sector technology collaborations, Global E-Discussion, The World Bank.
  47. Brun, A, Ronchi, S, Fan, X & Golini, R 2010, 'What is the value of an IT e- procurement system?', Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 131-40.
  48. Bruno, G, Esposito, E, Mastroianni, M & Vellutino, D 2005, 'Analysis of public e- procurement web site accessibility', Journal of Public Procurement, vol. 5, no. 3, p.
  49. Burton, LJ & Mazerolle, SM 2011a, 'Survey instrument validity part I: principles of survey instrument development and validation in athletic training education research', Athletic Training Education Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 27-35.
  50. Burton, LJ & Mazerolle, SM 2011b, 'Survey instrument validity part II: Validation of a survey instrument examining athletic trainers' knowledge and practice beliefs regarding exertional heat stroke', Athletic Training Education Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 36-45.
  51. Burton, R. 2005, 'Improving Integrity in public procurement: The role of transparency and accountability', in Fighting Corruption and Promoting Integrity in Public Procurement, OECD Publishing, pp. 23-8.
  52. Bwalya, KJ 2009, 'Factors affecting adoption of e-government in Zambia', The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 1-13.
  53. Byrne, BM 1998, Structural equation modeling with LISREL, PRELIS, and SMPLIS, Lawreance Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, New Jersey.
  54. Byrne, BM 2010, Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming, 2nd edn, Taylor & Francis Group, New York.
  55. Carter, CR, Kaufmann, L, Beall, S, Carter, PL, Hendrick, TE & Petersen, KJ 2004, 'Reverse auctions--grounded theory from the buyer and supplier perspective', Transportation Research-Part E the Logistics and Transportation Review, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 229-54.
  56. Carter, L & Belanger, F 2005, 'The utilization of e-government services: citizen trust, innovation and acceptance factors', Information Systems Journal, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 5-25. Chang, HH & Wong, KH 2010, 'Adoption of e-procurement and participation of e- marketplace on firm performance: Trust as a moderator', Information & Management, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 262-70.
  57. Chang, HL, Wang, K & Chiu, I 2008, 'Business-IT fit in e-procurement systems: evidence from high-technology firms in China', Information Systems Journal, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 381-404.
  58. Chen, ET 2002, 'E-government issues and practices', International Association for Computer Information Systems, vol. 3, pp. 95-101.
  59. Cheng, T, Lam, DYC & Yeung, ACL 2006, 'Adoption of internet banking: an empirical study in Hong Kong', Decision support systems, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 1558- 72. Chin, WW. 1998a, 'The partial least squares approach for structural equation modeling', in GA Marcoulides (ed.), Modern Methods for Business Research Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, New Jersey, pp. 295-336.
  60. Chin, WW 1998b, 'Issues and opinion on structural equation modeling', Mis Quarterly, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 7-16.
  61. Chin, WW & Dibbern, J. 2010, 'An introduction to a permutation based procedure for multi-group PLS analysis: Results of tests of differences on simulated data and a cross cultural analysis of the sourcing of information system services between Germany and the USA', in WC V˜Esposito Vinzi, J˜Henseler, HF˜Wang (eds.) (ed.), Handbook of Partial LeastSquares: Concepts, Methods and Applications in Marketing and Related Fields, Chapter 7, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 171-93.
  62. Choudhury, V 1997, 'Strategic choices in the development of interorganizational information systems', Information Systems Research, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1-24.
  63. Christenses, S & Duncan, W 2006, 'Maintaining the integrity of electronic tendering by government-reflections on the capacity of the Australian legal framework to meet this challenge', eLaw J., vol. 13, p. 8.
  64. Chu, PY, Hsiao, N, Lee, FW & Chen, CW 2004, 'Exploring success factors for Taiwan's government electronic tendering system: behavioral perspectives from end users', Government Information Quarterly, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 219-34.
  65. Chwelos, P, Benbasat, I & Dexter, AS 2001, 'Research report: Empirical test of an EDI adoption model', Information Systems Research, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 304-21.
  66. Colesca, S & Dobrica, L 2009, 'Adoption and use of e-government services: The case of Romania', Journal of Applied Research and Technology, vol. 6, no. 03, Commons, JR 1931, 'Institutional economics', The American Economic Review, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 648-57.
  67. Concha, G, Astudillo, H, Porrúa, M & Pimenta, C 2012, 'E-Government procurement observatory, maturity model and early measurements', Government Information Quarterly, vol. 29, pp. S43-S50.
  68. Cooper, DR & Schindler, PS 2003, Business research methods, Eighth edn, MC Graw-Hill Irwin, Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA Madison, WI New York.
  69. Cordella, A 2005, The role of information and communication technology in building trust in governance: towards effectiveness and results, Vitro, R (ed.) Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, D.C.
  70. Cordella, A 2007, 'E-government: towards the e-bureaucratic form?', Journal of Information Technology, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 265-74.
  71. Crede, A, Mansell, R & Mansell, RE 1998, Knowledge societies--in a nutshell: information technology for sustainable development, IDRC, Ottawa, Canada.
  72. Cressey, DR 1953, A study in the social psychology of embezzlement: Other people's money, Free Press, Glencoe, IL.
  73. Croom, S & Brandon-Jones, A 2007, 'Impact of e-procurement: Experiences from implementation in the UK public sector', Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 294-303.
  74. Croom, SR 2000, 'The impact of web-based procurement on the management of operating resources supply', Journal of Supply Chain Management, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 4-13.
  75. Croom, SR & Brandon-Jones, A 2005, ' Key issues in e-procurement : Procurement implementation and operation in the public sector', Journal of Public Procurement, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 367-87.
  76. Crossan, F 2003, 'Research philosophy: towards an understanding', Nurse researcher, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 46.
  77. Davila, A, Gupta, M & Palmer, R 2003, 'Moving procurement systems to the internet:: the adoption and use of e-procurement technology models', European Management Journal, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 11-23.
  78. Davis, D 2000, Business research for decision making, Fifth edn, Duxbury Press Belmont. Davis, FD 1989, 'Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology', Mis Quarterly, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 319-40.
  79. Dawson, G, Watson, R & Boudreau, M-C 2011, 'An empirical test of the theory of relationship constraints', paper presented to Thirty Second International Conference on Infromation Systems, Shanghai
  80. Dawson, GS, Watson, RT & Boudreau, M-C 2010, 'Information asymmetry in information systems consulting: Toward a theory of relationship constraints', Journal of Management Information Systems, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 143-78.
  81. De Boer, L, Harink, J & Heijboer, G 2002, 'A conceptual model for assessing the impact of electronic procurement', European Journal of Purchasing & Supply Management, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 25-33.
  82. Del Monte, A & Papagni, E 2007, 'The determinants of corruption in Italy: Regional panel data analysis', European Journal of Political Economy, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 379-
  83. DeLone, WH & McLean, ER 1992, 'Information systems success: the quest for the dependent variable', Information Systems Research, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 60-95.
  84. Delone, WH & Mclean, ER 2004, 'Measuring e-commerce success: Applying the DeLone & McLean information systems success model', International Journal of Electronic Commerce, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 31-47.
  85. DOIP 2011, The public procurement portal, viewed 22 May 2011, http://www.gatetrade.net/uk/about.asp.
  86. Doyle, T 2010, 'Information and communications technology procurement for border management', Border Management Modernization, Washington DC USA., p. 147.
  87. Dubelaar, C, Sohal, A & Savic, V 2005, 'Benefits, impediments and critical success factors in B2C E-business adoption', Technovation, vol. 25, no. 11, pp. 1251-62.
  88. Eakin, D 2003, 'Measuring e-procurement benefits', Summit: Canada's magazine on public sector purchasing, United Kingdom, Easterby-Smith, M, Thorpe, R & Lowe, A 1997, Management Research: an Introduction, Second edn, SAGE, London.
  89. Eei, KS, Husain, W & Mustaffa, N 2012, 'Survey on benefits and barriers of e- procurement: Malaysian SMEs perspective', International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 14-9.
  90. Eisenhardt, KM 1989, 'Agency theory: An assessment and review', Academy of management review, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 57-74.
  91. Essig, M & Arnold, U 2001, 'Electronic procurement in supply chain management: An information economics based analysis of electronic markets', Journal of Supply Chain Management, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 43-9.
  92. Fan, Y, Zhang, Z & Yue, Q 2009, 'E-Government, Transparency and Anti- corruption', paper presented to 2009 International Conference on Management of e- Commerce and e-Government, 16-19 September, Nanchang, China. FCAN 2011, 'Nepalese construction souvenir ', A Journal of Federation of Contractors' Associations of Nepal, vol. 17, no. 20, Filho, JR & Mota, FPB. 2012, 'Public e-procurement implementation: Insights from the structuration theory', in K Vaidya (ed.), Inter-Organizational Infromation Systems and Business Management : Theories for Researcher, IGI Global, Hershey, PA, USA, p. 259.
  93. Fink, D 2006, 'Value decomposition of e-commerce performance', Benchmarking: An International Journal, vol. 13, no. 1/2, pp. 81-92.
  94. Finkle, A 2005, 'Relying on information acquired by a principal', International Journal of Industrial Organization, vol. 23, no. 3-4, pp. 263-78.
  95. Fornell, C & Larcker, DF 1981, 'Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error', Journal of marketing research, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 39-50.
  96. Fornell, C & Bookstein, FL 1982, 'Two structural equation models: LISREL and PLS applied to consumer exit-voice theory', Journal of marketing research, vol. 19, pp. 440-52.
  97. Fricker, RD & Schonlau, M 2002, 'Advantages and disadvantages of Internet research surveys: Evidence from the literature', Field Methods, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 347-67.
  98. Fuks, K, Kawa, A & Wieczerzycki, W 2009, 'Improved e-sourcing strategy with multi-agent swarms', paper presented to Computational Intelligence for Modelling Control and Automation International Conference, Viena, 10-12 December 2009.
  99. Garcia-Murillo, M 2013, 'Does a government web presence reduce perceptions of corruption?', Information Technology for development, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 151-75.
  100. Gardner, C & Amoroso, DL 2004, 'Development of an instrument to measure the acceptance of internet technology by consumers', paper presented to 37th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Big Island, Hawaii, USA.
  101. Gauld, R 2007, 'Principal-agent theory and organizational change', Policy Studies, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 17-34.
  102. GeBIZ 2005, About us :: GeBIZ viewed May 24 2011, http://www.gebiz.gov.sg/.
  103. Gefen, D & Straub, D 2005, 'A practical guide to factorial validity using PLS-Graph: Tutorial and annotated example', Communications of the Association for Information Systems, vol. 16, no. 1, p. 109.
  104. Gefen, D & Carmel, E 2008, 'Is the world really flat? A look at offshoring in an online programming marketplace', Mis Quarterly, vol. 32, no. 2, p. 367.
  105. Gefen, D, Straub, DW & Boudreau, M-C 2000, 'Structural equation modeling and regression: Guidelines for research practice', Communications of the Association for Information Systems, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 1-79.
  106. Gefen, D, Karahanna, E & Straub, DW 2003, 'Trust and TAM in online shopping: An integrated model', Mis Quarterly, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 51-90.
  107. Geisser, S 1975, 'The predictive sample reuse method with applications', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 70, no. 350, pp. 320-8.
  108. George, D & Mallery, P 2003, SPSS for windows step by step: A simple guide and reference, 11.0 update, Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
  109. Gonzalez, R, Gasco, J & Llopis, J 2010, 'Information systems outsourcing: a Delphi study from Spain', Business Process Management Journal, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 244-63.
  110. Goodhue, D & Thompson, R 1995, 'Task-technology fit and individual performance', Mis Quarterly, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 213-36.
  111. Gotz, O, Liehr-Gobbers, K & Krafft, M. 2010, 'Evaluation of structural equation models using the partial least squares (PLS) approach', in Handbook of Partial Least Squares, Springer, pp. 691-711.
  112. Greener, S 2008, Business research methods, Ventus Publising ApS, London, United Kingdom. Greenspoon, PJ & Saklofske, DH 1998, 'Confirmatory factor analysis of the multidimensional students' life satisfaction scale', Personality and Individual Differences, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 965-71.
  113. Gregor, S 2006, 'The nature of theory in information systems', Mis Quarterly, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 611-42.
  114. Gronlund, A, Heacock, R, Sasaki, D, Hellström, J & Al-Saqaf, W 2010, Using ICT to combat corruption-tools result and methods, Increasing transparency and fighting corruption through ICT,Stockholm University,Stockholm Sweeden.
  115. Grover, V, Teng, JT & Fiedler, KD 2003, 'Investigating the role of information technology in building buyer-supplier relationships', Journal of the Association for Information Systems (Volume 3, 2002), vol. 217, no. 245, p. 245.
  116. GTN 2003, Global Trade Negotiations, Centre for International Development at Harvard University, viewed 3 May 2012, http://www.cid.harvard.edu/cidtrade/issues/govpro.html.
  117. Gunasekaran, A & Ngai, EWT 2008, 'Adoption of e-procurement in Hong Kong: An empirical research', International Journal of Production Economics, vol. 113, no. 1, pp. 159-75.
  118. Gunasekaran, A, McGaughey, RE, Ngai, EWT & Rai, BK 2009, 'E-Procurement adoption in the Southcoast SMEs', International Journal of Production Economics, vol. 122, no. 1, pp. 161-75.
  119. Guo, KH, Yuan, Y, Archer, NP & Connelly, CE 2011, 'Understanding nonmalicious security violations in the workplace: A composite behavior model', Journal of Management Information Systems, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 203-36.
  120. Gupta, S, Jha, B & Gupta, H 2009, 'E-Procurement: A developing country perspective: A study on new trends concerned with developing countries', Journal of Business and Economics, vol. 122, no. 1, pp. 161-75.
  121. Hair, JF, Ringle, CM & Sarstedt, M 2011, 'PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet', The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 139-52.
  122. Hooper, D, Coughlan, J & Mullen, M 2008, 'Structural equation modelling: guidelines for determining model fit', Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 53-60.
  123. Hu, Lt & Bentler, PM 1999, 'Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives', Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1-55.
  124. Hughes, J 1994, The philosophy of social research, Essex, Logman.
  125. Hung, W-H, Lin, C-P, Tai, Y-M, Ho, C-F & Jou, J-J 2013, 'Exploring the impact of Web-based e-procurement on performance: organisational, interorganisational, and systems perspectives', International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, no. ahead-of-print, pp. 1-36.
  126. Iimi, A & Benamghar, R 2011, Efficiency in public procurement in rural road projects of Nepal, WPS5736, The World Bank South Asian Region Sustainable Development Department.
  127. Iqbal, M & Seo, J 2008, 'E-governance as an anti corruption tool: Korean cases', Korean Loacl Information, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 51-78.
  128. Irick, ML 2008, 'Task-Technology Fit and Information Systems Effectiveness', Journal of Knowledge Management Practice, vol. 9, no. 3, Ismail, IRb, Hamid, RbA & Idris, F 2012, 'PLS application in journal of operations management: A review', paper presented to Global Conference on Operations and Supply Management (GCOM 2012), Bandung, Indonesia, 12-13 March 2012.
  129. Ives, B, Olson, MH & Baroudi, JJ 1983, 'The measurement of user information satisfaction', Communications of the ACM, vol. 26, no. 10, pp. 785-93.
  130. Jackson, DL 2003, 'Revisiting sample size and number of parameter estimates: Some support for the N: q hypothesis', Structural Equation Modeling, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 128-41.
  131. Jensen, MC & Meckling, WH 1976, 'Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure', Journal of financial economics, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 305-60.
  132. Joongi, K, National integrity systems:Transparency international country study report: Republic of Korea 2006, Transparency International Secretariat Alt Moabit 96, 10559
  133. Berlin, Germany.
  134. Kachwamba, MA 2011, 'Impact of e-government on transaction cost and FDI Inflows: A proposed conceptual framework', International Journal of Business and Management, vol. 6, no. 11, p. p285.
  135. Kajewski, SL, Tilley, PA, Crawford, JR, Remmers, TR, Chen, S-E, Lenard, D, Brewer, G, Weippert, A, Caldwell, G & Haug, M 2001, Electronic tendering: An industry perspective, QUT, viewed 10 March 2013, http://eprints.qut.edu.au/7987/1/7987.pdf.
  136. Kaliannan, M & Awang, H 2009, 'ICT to enhance administrative performance: a case study from Malaysia', International Journal of Business and Management, vol. 3, no.
  137. Kaliannan, M & Awang, H 2010, 'Adoption and use of e-government services: a case study on e-procurement in Malaysia', WSEAS Transactions on Business and Economics, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1-10.
  138. Kartiwi, M 2006, 'Customer characteristics' influence on online trust in developing countries: An examination of confidence level', paper presented to 6th International Business Information Management Association (IBIMA) Conference, Bonn, 19- 21June 2006.
  139. Karunasena, K, Deng, H & Singh, M 2011, 'Measuring the public value of e- government: a case study from Sri Lanka', Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 81-99.
  140. Kauffman, RJ & Mohtadi, H 2004, 'Proprietary and open systems adoption in e- procurement: a risk-augmented transaction cost perspective', Journal of Management Information Systems, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 137-66.
  141. Keen, PGW 1999, Electronic commerce relationships: Trust by design, Prentice- Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Ki-moon, B 2010, Procurement from developing countries and economies in transition, United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS).
  142. Kim, K-S 2003, 'Public procurement service of Korea', paper presented to UN Public Service Awards on Innovations and Quality in Governments, Mexico City, Mexico, 5 November 2003.
  143. Kim, KK & Umanath, NS 2005, 'Information transfer in B2B procurement: an empirical analysis and measurement', Information & Management, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 813-28.
  144. Kim, S, Kim, HJ & Lee, H 2009, 'An institutional analysis of an e-government system for anti-corruption: The case of OPEN', Government Information Quarterly, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 42-50.
  145. Klitgaard, R 1988, Controlling corruption, University of California Press, USA, Berkeley. Knudsen, D 2003, 'Aligning corporate strategy, procurement strategy and e- procurement tools', International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management, vol. 33, no. 8, pp. 720-34.
  146. Kolstad, I & Wiig, A 2009, 'Is transparency the key to reducing corruption in resource-rich countries?', World Development, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 521-32.
  147. Kotrlik, JWKJW & Higgins, CCHCC 2001, 'Organizational research: Determining appropriate sample size in survey research appropriate sample size in survey research', Information Technology, Learning, and Performance Journal, vol. 19, no.
  148. Kumar, V, Mukerji, B, Butt, I & Persaud, A 2007, 'Factors for successful e- government adoption: a conceptual framework', The electronic journal of e- Government, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 63-76.
  149. Lai, VS & Li, H 2005, 'Technology acceptance model for internet banking: an invariance analysis', Information & Management, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 373-86.
  150. Lambsdorff, J 2001, How corruption in government affects public welfare: A review of theories, Zentrum für Globalisierung und Europäisierung der Wirtschaft, Georg- August-Univ.
  151. Lee, C-C, Cheng, HK & Cheng, H-H 2007, 'An empirical study of mobile commerce in insurance industry: Task-technology fit and individual differences', Decision support systems, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 95-110.
  152. Leedy, PD & Ormrod, J 2005, Practical research planning and design 5 edn, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
  153. Lehner, F & Haas, N 2010, 'Knowledge management success factors-proposal of an empirical research', Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 79-90.
  154. Lei, PW & Wu, Q 2007, 'Introduction to structural equation modeling: Issues and practical considerations', Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 33-43.
  155. Leipold, K 2007, Electronic government procurement (e-GP) opportunities and challenges, in modern law for global commerce : Congress to celebrate the fortieth annual session of UNCITRAL, viewed 18 February 2013, http://www.uncitral.org/pdf/english/congress/Leipold.pdf.
  156. Levin, DM 1988, The opening of vision: Nihilism and the postmodern situation, Routledge, Florence, KY, USA.
  157. Lew, YK & Sinkovics, RR 2012, 'Crossing borders and industry sectors: behavioral governance in strategic alliances and product innovation for competitive advantage', Long Range Planning, vol. 46, no. 1-2, pp. 13-38.
  158. Li, YH & Huang, JW 2009, 'Applying theory of perceived risk and technology acceptance model in the online shopping channel', World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 53, pp. 919-25.
  159. Likert, R 1932, 'A technique for the measurement of attitudes', Archives of psychology, Lindskog, H, Brege, S & Brehmer, PO 2010, 'Corruption in public procurement and private sector purchasing', Organisational Transformation and Social Change, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 167-88.
  160. Lio, M-C, Liu, M-C & Ou, Y-P 2011, 'Can the internet reduce corruption? A cross- country study based on dynamic panel data models', Government Information Quarterly, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 47-53.
  161. Liu, C, Marchewka, JT, Lu, J & Yu, C-S 2004, 'Beyond concern: a privacy-trust- behavioral intention model of electronic commerce', Information & Management, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 127-42.
  162. Liu, H 2008, 'E-Government to combat corruption in the Asia pacific region', 4th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, 12-14 October 2008, Dalian.
  163. Lloyd, RE & McCue, CP 2004, 'What is public procurement? Definitional problems and implications', paper presented to International Public Procurement Conference Proceedings, Seoul, South Korea.
  164. Lu, H-P & Yang, Y-W 2014, ' Toward an understanding of the behavioral intention to use a social networking site: An extension of task-technology fit to social- technology fit', Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 34 (May 2014), pp. 323-32.
  165. Mahmood, SAI 2010, 'Public procurement and corruption in Bangladesh confronting the challenges and opportunities', Journal of public administration and policy research, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 103-11.
  166. Markus, ML & Robey, D 1988, 'Information technology and organizational change: causal structure in theory and research', Management Science, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 583- 98. Matechak, JP 2002, 'Fighting corruption in public procurement', Center for International Private Enterprise CIPE. Feature Service Articles. Retrieved February, vol. 12, no. 2004, pp. 1047-55.
  167. Matthew, K, Patrick, K & Denise, K 2013, 'The effects of fraudulent procurement practices on public procurement performance', International Journal of Business and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 17-27.
  168. Mc Pheraon, C & Mac Searraigh, S. 2007, 'Corruption in the petroleum sector', in SP J. Edgardo (ed.), The Many Faces of Corruption, World Bank Publications, Washington, D.C.
  169. McCue, C & Roman, AV 2012, 'E-procurement: Myth or reality?', Journal of Public Procurement, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 212-38.
  170. McKnight, DH, Choudhury, V & Kacmar, C 2002, 'Developing and validating trust measures for e-commerce: An integrative typology', Information Systems Research, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 334-59.
  171. McMillan, JH & Schumacher, S 2000, Research in education: Aconceptual introduction 5 edn, New York: Longman.
  172. Mistry, JJ & Jalal, A 2012, 'An empirical analysis of the relationship between e- government and corruption', The International journal of digital accounting research, vol. 12, no. 18, pp. 145-76.
  173. Mitchell, K 2000, 'Instituting e-procurement in the public sector', Public Management (PM), vol. 82, no. 11, pp. 21-5.
  174. Mueller, RO & Hancock, GR 2008, 'Best practices in structural equation modeling', Best practices in quantitative methods, pp. 488-508.
  175. Muk, S, Marovic, J, Popovic, M, Tepavcevic, N & Sošić, M 2012, Corruption and public procurement in Montenegro, 300 edn, Institute Alternative, Podgorica, Montenegro. Myers, MD 1997, 'Qualitative research in information systems', Management Information Systems Quarterly, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 241-2.
  176. n.d. 2013, 'Nepal still among the most corrupt countries', The Hymalayan Times, 12th December 2013.
  177. Nachtigall, C, Kroehne, U, Funke, F & Steyer, R 2003, 'should we use SEM? Pros and cons of structural equation modeling', Methods of Psychological Research Online, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 1-22.
  178. Ndou, V 2004, 'E-government for developing countries: opportunities and challenges', The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 1-24. Nepal public procurement strategic framework, 2010, PPMO Government of Nepal Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers, Kathamndu.
  179. Neupane, A, Soar, J & Vaidya, K 2012a, 'The potential of e-procurement technology for reducing corruption', International Journal of Information Technology and Management, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 273-87.
  180. Neupane, A, Soar, J & Vaidya, K 2012b, 'Perceived benefits related to anti- corruptionform e-tendering system in Nepal', Asian Journal of Information Technology, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 22-9.
  181. Neupane, A, Soar, J & Vaidya, K 2012c, 'Evaluating the anti-corruption capabilities of public e-procurement in a developing country', The Electronic Journal on Information System in Developing Countries, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 1-17.
  182. Neupane, A, Soar, J, Vaidya, K & Yong, J 2012, 'Role of public e-procurement technology to reduce corruption in government procurement', paper presented to 5th International Public Procurement Conference (IPPC5), Seattle, United States, 17-19 August 2012.
  183. Ngai, E, Lai, KH & Cheng, T 2008, 'Logistics information systems: the Hong Kong experience', International Journal of Production Economics, vol. 113, no. 1, pp. 223-
  184. Noar, SM 2003, 'The role of structural equation modeling in scale development', Structural Equation Modeling, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 622-47.
  185. O'Brien, JA & Marakas, GM 2010, Introduction to information systems, Fifteenth edn, McGraw-Hill Irwin. OECD 2005, Fighting corruption and promoting integrity in public procurement, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development,Paris.
  186. OECD 2010, Policy rounddables: collusion and corruption in public procuremnet, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), viewed 12 February 2013, <http://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/cartelsandanti- competitiveagreements/46235884.pdf>.
  187. OECD, A 2008, Fighting bribery in public procurement in Asia-Pacific, viewed 21
  188. Oh, W, Gallivan, MJ & Kim, JW 2006, 'The market's perception of the transactional risks of information technology outsourcing announcements', Journal of Management Information Systems, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 271-303.
  189. Ojha, A & Palvia, S 2012, 'E-government and the fight against corruption: conceptual model and five case studies from India', Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 11-29.
  190. Ojha, A, Palvia, S & Gupta, M. 2008, 'A model for impact of e-government on corruption: Exploring theoretical foundations', in J Bhattacharya (ed.), Critical thinking in e-governance, Gift Publishing, New Delhi, pp. 160-70.
  191. Panayiotou, N, Gayialis, S & Tatsiopoulos, I 2004, 'An e-procurement system for governmental purchasing', International Journal of Production Economics, vol. 90, no. 1, pp. 79-102.
  192. Panda, P, Sahu, G & Gupta, P 2010, 'Promoting transparency and efficiency in public procurement: E-procurement initiatives by government of India', paper presented to 7th International Conference on E-procurement (ICEG), Banglore, India, 20-24 April 2010. Parent, M, Vandebeek, CA & Gemino, AC 2005, 'Building citizen trust through e- government', Government Information Quarterly, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 720-36.
  193. Parigi, V, Leader, W, Geeta, P & Kailasam, R 2004, Ushering in transparency for good governance, Centre for Good Governance, Hyderabad, 30 December 2012, http://www.cgg.gov.in/workingpapers/Ushering\_in\_Transparency.pdf.
  194. Pariyar, MP 2007, 'E-government initiatives in Nepal: challenges and opportunities', paper presented to Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Theory and practice of electronic governance, Macao, China, 10-13 December 2007.
  195. Parker, D & Hartley, K 2003, 'Transaction costs, relational contracting and public private partnerships: a case study of UK defence', Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 97-108.
  196. Pathak, R, Prasad, R, Singh, G, Naz, R & Smith, R 2006, Exploloring the potential of e-goverance applications for reducing corruption: The case of the Indian public sector http://www.napsipag.org/PDF/Reducing\_Corruption.pdf.
  197. Pedhazur, EJ 1982, Multiple regression in behavioral research: Explanation and prediction, 2 edn, Harcourt Brace,Fort Worth, TX.
  198. Peffers, K, Tuunanen, T, Rothenberger, MA & Chatterjee, S 2007, 'A design science research methodology for information systems research', Journal of Management Information Systems, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 45-77.
  199. Pellegrini, L & Gerlagh, R 2008, 'Causes of corruption: a survey of cross-country analyses and extended results', Economics of Governance, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 245-63.
  200. Petter, S, DeLone, W & McLean, E 2008, 'Measuring information systems success: models, dimensions, measures, and interrelationships', European Journal of Information Systems, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 236-63.
  201. Pi, SM, Liao, HL & Chen, HM 2012, 'Factors that affect consumers' trust and continuous adoption of online financial services', International Journal of Business and Management, vol. 7, no. 9, pp. 108-19.
  202. Pictet, J & Bollinger, D 2008, 'Extended use of the cards procedure as a simple elicitation technique for MAVT. Application to public procurement in Switzerland', European Journal of Operational Research, vol. 185, no. 3, pp. 1300-7.
  203. Pinsonneault, A & Kraemer, KL 1993, 'Survey research methodology in management information systems: an assessment', Journal of Management Information Systems, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 75-105.
  204. Piotrowicz, W & Irani, Z 2010, 'Analysing B2B electronic procurement benefits: information systems perspective', Journal of Enterprise Information Management, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 559-79.
  205. Polit, DF, Beck, C & Hungler, BP 2001, Essentials of nursing research: Methods, appraisal and utilization, 5th edn, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
  206. Ponterotto, JG 2005, 'Qualitative research in counseling psychology: A primer on research paradigms and philosophy of science', Journal of counseling psychology, vol. 52, no. 2, p. 126.
  207. Poujol, JF, Siadou-Martin, B, Vidal, D & Pellat, G 2012, 'Examining the impact of salespeople's relational behaviors and organizational fairness on customer loyalty', paper presented to The 12th International Research Conference in Service Management, La Londe les Maures, France, May 29-June 1, 2012.
  208. Punch, KF 2003, Survey research: The basics, SAGE Publications Ltd, University of Western Australia.
  209. Qureshi, I & Compeau, D 2009, 'Assessing between-group differences in information systems research: a comparison of covariance-and component-based SEM', Mis Quarterly, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 197-214.
  210. Rahim, MM 2008, 'Identifying factors affecting acceptance of e-procurement systems: An initial qualitative study at an Australian City Council', Communications of the IBIMA, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 7-17.
  211. Raymond, J 2008, 'Benchmarking in public procurement', Benchmarking: An International Journal, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 782-93.
  212. Reunis, MRB, Santema, SC & Harink, JHA 2006, 'Increasing e-ordering adoption: A case study', Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 322-
  213. Rogers, EM 1995, Diffusion of innovations, Free Press, New York.
  214. Ronchi, S, Brun, A, Golini, R & Fan, X 2010, 'What is the value of an IT e- procurement system?', Journal of Purchasing & Supply Management, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 131-40.
  215. Rose-Ackerman, S 2008, 'Corruption and government', International Peacekeeping, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 328-43.
  216. Rossman, G & Rallis, S 2003, Learning in the field: An introduction to qualitative research, Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
  217. Rotchanakitumnuai, S 2013, 'The governance evidence of e-government procurement', Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 309-21.
  218. Ryan, AB 2006, 'Post-positivist approaches to research', Researching and Writing your Thesis: a guide for postgraduate students, pp. 12-26.
  219. Saghaei, A & Ghasemi, R 2009, 'Using structural equation modeling in causal relationship design for balanced-scorecards' strategic map', World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 1032-8.
  220. Saleh, MA. 2006, 'Antecedents of commitment to an Import Supplier', PhD thesis, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
  221. Salin, ASAP & Abidin, ZZ 2011, Information and communication technologies and local governance trend: A case study of a smart city in Malaysia, IACSIT Press, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
  222. Schapper, PR, Rivolta, M & Leipold, K 2005, 'Authentication: International scope and non discrimination in government commerce vs. PKI', Digital Evidence and Elec. Signature L. Rev., vol. 2, p. 55.
  223. Schmidheiny, K & Basel, U 2012, 'The bootstrap', Short guides to microeconometrics. Universität Basel., vol. 26, p. 2012.
  224. Schreiber, JB, Nora, A, Stage, FK, Barlow, EA & King, J 2006, 'Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review', The Journal of Educational Research, vol. 99, no. 6, pp. 323-38.
  225. Shah, A 2006, 'Corruption and decentralized public governance', World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, no. 3824, Sharma, B 2012, 'Sudan scam: 5 convicted, 31 get clean chit', The Kathmandu Post, 13 February 2012. Sherah Kurnia & Rahim, MM 2007, Electronic procurement system success in Australia, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain, June 24-26 2007.
  226. Shim, DC & Eom, TH 2009, 'Anticorruption effects of information communication and technology (ICT) and social capital', International review of administrative sciences, vol. 75, no. 1, p. 99.
  227. Singh, G, Pathak, R, Naz, R & Belwal, R 2010, 'E-governance for improved public sector service delivery in India, Ethiopia and Fiji', International Journal of Public Sector Management, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 254-75.
  228. Singh, I & Punia, DK 2011, 'Employees adoption of e-procurement system: An empirical study', International Journal of Managing Information Technology, vol. 3, no. 4, Singh, J & Sirdeshmukh, D 2000, 'Agency and trust mechanisms in consumer satisfaction and loyalty judgments', Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 150-67.
  229. Singh, M 2009, Infromation and communication technology programs in e- government and e-learning-their impact on rural and regional communities, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC), Australia.
  230. Sohail, M & Cavill, S 2008, 'Accountability to prevent corruption in construction projects', Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, vol. 134, no. 9, pp. 729-38.
  231. Son, J & Benbasat, I 2004, Organizational adoption and use of B2B electronic marketplaces: Efficiency-and legitimacy-oriented perspectives, University of British Columbia Working Paper, Vancouver, Canada.
  232. Soreide, T 2002, Corruption in public procuremnet causes, consequences and cures Report R 2002:1, Michelsen Institution Development Studies and Human Rights.
  233. Soreide, T 2005, Corruption in public procurement, UNICE-conference,Norwegian Business and Industry (NHO), Oslo Sept. 29-Oct.1.
  234. Stone, M 1974, 'Cross-validatory choice and assessment of statistical predictions', Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 111-47.
  235. Su, Y-f & Yang, C 2010, 'A structural equation model for analyzing the impact of ERP on SCM', Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 456-69.
  236. Subedi, MS 2006, 'Corruption in Nepal: An anthropological inquiry', Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, vol. 1, no. 0, pp. 110-28.
  237. Sun, H & Zhang, P 2006, 'The role of moderating factors in user technology acceptance', International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 53-78.
  238. Szymanski, S 2007, How to implement economic reforms: How to fight corruption effectively in public procurement in SEE countries, Paris, OECD.
  239. Tabachnick, BG & Fidell, LS 2007, Using multivariate statistics 5th edn, Allyn and Bacon, New York Tai, YM, Ho, CF & Wu, WH 2010, 'The performance impact of implementing Web- based e-procurement systems', International Journal of Production Research, vol. 48, no. 18, pp. 5397-414.
  240. Tanur, JM. 1982, 'Advances in methods for large-scale surveys and experiments', in R Mcadams, NJ Smelser & DJ Treiman (eds), Behavioral and social science research: a national resource, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, pp. 309-
  241. Tasmin, R & Woods, PC. 2008, 'Linking knowledge management and innovation: a structural equation modeling approach', in Innovation and Knowledge Management in Business Globalization: Theory & Practice, Melaka, Malaysia, vol. 1-2.
  242. Teich, J, Wallenius, H & Wallenius, J 1999, 'Multiple-issue auction and market algorithms for the world wide web', Decision support systems, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 49-
  243. Tenenhaus, M, Vinzi, VE, Chatelin, Y-M & Lauro, C 2005, 'PLS path modeling', Computational statistics & data analysis, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 159-205.
  244. Teo, T, Lin, S & Lai, K 2009, 'Adopters and non-adopters of e-procurement in Singapore: An empirical study', Omega, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 972-87.
  245. Thai, K 2008, 'Measuring losses to public procurement corruption: the Uganda case', 3rd international public procurement conference proceedings 28-30 August.
  246. Thai, KV 2001, 'Public procurement re-examined', Journal of Public Procurement, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 9-50.
  247. TI 2006, Handbook for curbing corruption in public procurement, Transparency International, Malaysia.
  248. TI 2010, Corruption and public procurement, Transparency International, viewed 25 February 2014, <http://www.transparency.hu/uploads/docs/CORRUPTION\_AND\_PUBLIC\_PROC UREMENT.pdf>. TI 2013, Corruption Perceptions Index 2013, Transparency International, 25 March 2013, http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2013/results/.
  249. Tolbert, CJ & Mossberger, K 2006, 'The effects of e-government on trust and confidence in government', Public Administration Review, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 354-69.
  250. Tran, A 2009, Can procurement auctions reduce corruption? Evidence from the internal records of a bribe-paying firm, Cambridge MA: Harvard University.
  251. Treisman, D 1999, The causes of corruption: a cross-national study, Citeseer, Los Angeles,USA.
  252. Turner, JL, Mock, TJ & Srivastava, RP 2003, 'An analysis of the fraud triangle', The University of Memphis Working Paper, Ullman, JB 2006, 'Structural equation modeling: Reviewing the basics and moving forward', Journal of Personality Assessment, vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 35-50.
  253. Umehara, Y 2007, e-Governance for infrastructure development in Japan, viewed 20 June 2014, <http://116.67.35.66/data/EGM\_Day2/e- governance%20for%20infrastructure%20development%20in%20japan.pdf>.
  254. UN 1999, 'Procurement reforms: Resolution / adopted by the general assembly (A/ RES/54/866)', Vaidya, K, Callender, GC & Sajeev, ASM. 2009, 'Facilitators of public e- procurement: Lessons Learned from the U.K., U.S., and Australian Initiatives', in KV Thai (ed.), International handbook of public procurement, Auerbach Publications Taylor & Francis Group, pp. 473-90.
  255. Vaidya, K, Sajeev, A, Johnston, J & Cox, MA 2008, 'Assimilation of public procurement innovation: an empirical analysis in light of transaction cost theory', paper presented to Annual Conference of International Purchasing and Supply Education and Research Association, Perth Western Australia, 9-12 March 2008.
  256. Vaidyanathan, G & Devaraj, S 2008, 'The role of quality in e-procurement performance: An empirical analysis', Journal of Operations Management, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 407-25.
  257. Valacich, JS, Schneider, C & Jessup, LM 2010, Information systems today: managing in the digital world, Fourth edn, Pearson.
  258. van Teijlingen, E & Hundley, V 2001, 'The importance of pilot studies', Social research update, no. 35, pp. 1-4.
  259. Venkatesh, V, Morris, MG, Davis, GB & Davis, FD 2003, 'User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view', Mis Quarterly, pp. 425-78.
  260. Vinzi, VE, Trinchera, L & Amato, S 2010, PLS path modeling: from foundations to recent developments and open issues for model assessment and improvement, Handbook of Partial Least Squares Concepts, Methods and Applications, Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
  261. von Alan, RH, March, ST, Park, J & Ram, S 2004, 'Design science in information systems research', Mis Quarterly, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 75-105.
  262. Walker, H & Brammer, S 2012, 'The relationship between sustainable procurement and e-procurement in the public sector', International Journal of Production Economics, vol. 140, no. 1, pp. 256-68.
  263. Ware, GT, Moss, S, Campos, JE & Noone, GP. 2012, 'corruption in procurement ', in A Graycar & R Smith (eds), Handbook of Global Research and Practice in Corruption, illustrated edn, Edward Elgar Publishing, UK.
  264. Waterman, RW & Meier, KJ 1998, 'Principal-agent models: an expansion?', Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 173.
  265. Wathne, KH & Heide, JB 2000, 'Opportunism in interfirm relationships: forms, outcomes, and solutions', The Journal of Marketing, vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 36-51.
  266. WB 2000, Helping countries combat corruption: The role of the World Bank, poverty reduction and economic management network, The World Bank 1818 H Street N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433 USA. WB 2004, The cost of corruption, News and broadcast, the World Bank ,Washington, DC, USA, viewed 5 October 2011, <http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:20035595 ~menuPK:36691~pagePK:116743~piPK:36693~theSitePK:4607,00.html>.
  267. WBI 2004, (World Bank Institute) The cost of corruption, World Bank news and broadcast, viewed 10 September 2012, <http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:20190187 ~menuPK:34457~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html>.
  268. WEF 2010, (World Economic Forum) Global agenda council on anti-corruption 2010, viewed October 18 2011, <http://www.weforum.org/content/global-agenda- council-anti-corruption-2010>.
  269. Wen, W & Wei, L 2007, 'Decision-making analysis of e-procurement with the rough set theory', paper presented to InternationalConferenceonWirelessCommunications,Networking and MobileComputing, Shanghai, 21-25 September 2007.
  270. Wescott, CG 2001, 'E Government in the Asia pacific region', Asian Journal of Political Science, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 1-24.
  271. Weston, R & Gore, PA 2006, 'A brief guide to structural equation modeling', The Counseling Psychologist, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 719-51.
  272. Wetzels, M, Odekerken-Schroder, G & Van Oppen, C 2009, 'Using PLS path modeling for assessing hierarchical construct models: Guidelines and empirical illustration', Mis Quarterly, vol. 33, no. 1, p. 177.
  273. Whetten, DA 1989, 'What constitutes a theoretical contribution?', The Academy of Management Review, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 490-5.
  274. Whipple, JM & Roh, J 2010, 'Agency theory and quality fade in buyer-supplier relationships', International Journal of Logistics Management, The, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 338-52.
  275. Williams, J, 2011, 'Research Paradigm and Philosophy ', Dissertation Blog, viewed 5 December 2012 <http://www.howtodo.dissertationhelpservice.com/research- paradigm-and-philosophy>.
  276. Williamson, OE 1981, 'The economics of organization: The transaction cost approach', American journal of sociology, vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 548-77.
  277. Wong, W & Welch, E 2004, 'Does e-government promote accountability? A comparative analysis of website openness and government accountability', Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 275-97.
  278. Wu, IL & Chen, JL 2005, 'An extension of trust and TAM model with TPB in the initial adoption of on-line tax: an empirical study', International Journal of Human- Computer Studies, vol. 62, no. 6, pp. 784-808.
  279. Xinzhang, C & Yonggang, W 2011, 'E-government, government procurement and the development of e-Commerce: Korean experience and its implications', paper presented to E -Business and E -Government (ICEE), International Conference on, Shanghai, China, 6-8 May 2011.
  280. Yang, J & Zhang, RY 2009, 'The research and analysis of e-procurement for iron and steel enterprises', paper presented to International Conference on Information Management, Innovation Management and Industrial Engineering, Xian, China, 26- 27 December 2009.
  281. Yukins, CR 2010, 'A Versatile Prism: Assessing Procurement Law Through the Principal-Agent Model', Public Contract Law Journal, Vol. 40, No. 1, p. 63, Yusoff, WS & Islam, M 2011, 'Electronic Government Procurement Adoption Behavior amongst Malaysian SMEs', International Business Research, vol. 4, no. 1, p. p100. Zhang, J & Zhang, Z 2009, 'Applying E-Government Information System for Anti- corruption Strategy', paper presented to Management of e-Commerce and e- Government, 16-19 September, Nanchang, China. Public e-procurement technology increases competition among bidders in procurement / tendering process. 1 2 3 4 5
  282. Public e-procurement technology makes procurement processes faster and easier. 1 2 3 4 5
  283. Overall, perceived benefits of e-procurement help to reduce the chances of corruption in public procurement. 1 2 3 4 5
  284. Thank you for taking time to complete and submit this survey. Your insight and information are very valuable to us. Use the space below to provide additional comments: Should you have any further questions or concern about this survey or any of its questions or ethical issues, please contact Arjun Neupane: Arjun.Neupane@usq.edu.au. Or Office of Research and Higher Degree, Ethics Officer: ethics@usq.edu.au. TA8 4.08 .508 TA9 3.34 .751 TA10 3.28 .807 N=220
  285. Appendix F: Structural model notes of bidders sample