Effects of heavy-resistance training on hormonal response patterns in younger vs. older men (original) (raw)
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International Journal of Sports Medicine, 2007
Aging is associated with a progressive decrease in muscular strength and power due to loss of muscle mass and reduced neuromuscular activation . These phenomena may result from reduced physical activity, denervation, changes in hormonal balance, improper nutrition, and various diseases with increasing age . This biological degeneration can be reverted with resistance training through the increased tension ap-plied on the muscular tissue and the stimulatory effect on the hormonal system. Several studies in elderly people have shown that resistance training increases muscle mass and neuromuscular activation which in turn increase strength and power capacity .
Hormonal responses to acute and chronic resistance exercise in middle-age versus young men
Sport Sciences for Health, 2012
To examine the responses of the endocrine system to moderate-resistance training in younger (YO) verses middle-aged (MI) men, two groups of men (21 and 49 years-old) participated in 8-week moderate-resistance training program three times per week. Blood was obtained before, immediately after, and 30 min after exercise at before and after training period for analysis of total testosterone, cortisol, GH, lactate and ACTH. Squat and bench press strength, and circumference of thigh and arm increased for both groups. After training, resting testosterone and GH increased in YO; testosterone concentrations were also increased for YO and MI from pre-training values. However, GH values decreased in MI after training period. Cortisol and ACTH values were lower compared to similar times in pre-training. These data indicate that middle-aged men do respond with an enhanced hormonal profile in the early phase of a resistance training program, but the response is different from that of younger men.
Acute hormonal responses to heavy resistance exercise in younger and older men
European Journal of Applied Physiology, 1998
The aim of the present study was to investigate acute hormonal and neuromuscular responses and recovery in strength athletes versus nonathletes during heavy resistance exercise performed with the forced and maximum repetitions training protocol. Eight male strength athletes (SA) with several years of continuous resistance training experience and 8 physically active but non-strength athletes (NA) volunteered as subjects. The experimental design comprised two loading sessions: maximum repetitions (MR) and forced repetitions (FR). MR included 12-RM squats for 4 sets with a 2-min recovery between sets. In FR the initial load was higher than in MR so that the subject could lift approximately 8 repetitions by himself and 4 additional repetitions with assistance. Before and after the loading protocols, blood samples were drawn to determine serum testosterone, free testosterone, cortisol and growth hormone concentrations, and blood lactate. Maximal voluntary isometric force and EMG activity of the leg extensors was measured before and after the loading as well as 24 and 48 hrs after the loading. The concentrations of the hormones measured increased significantly (p < .01-.001) after both loadings in both groups. The responses tended to be higher in FR than the MR loading and the increases of testosterone concentrations were significantly (p < .01) greater in both loadings in SA than in NA. Both loading protocols in
Hormonal Responses to Resistance Exercise in Long-Term Trained and Untrained Middle-Aged Men
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2008
Cadore, EL, Lhullier, FLR, Brentano, MA, Silva, EM, Ambrosini, MB, Spinelli, R, Silva, RF, and Kruel, LFM. Hormonal responses to resistance exercise in long-term trained and untrained middle-aged men. J Strength Cond Res 22 : 1617-1624, 2008-This cross-sectional study compared hormonal responses to resistance exercise between trained and untrained men to investigate the adaptations of the endocrine system to long-term strength training in middle-aged men. Twenty-one middle-aged men were recruited for this study and matched into a strength-trained group (SG) (n = 10) and an untrained group (UG) (n = 11). In the SG, the individuals had practiced strength training for hypertrophy for at least 3 years. Upper-and lowerbody muscle strength was measured with a 1 repetition maximum (1RM) test. Blood samples were collected at rest and after multiple sets of a superset strength training protocol (SSTP), with an intensity of 75% of 1RM values. With these blood samples, the levels of total testosterone (TT), free testosterone (FT), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), cortisol, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) were determined. In addition, the TT-to-cortisol ratio and TT-to-SHBG ratio were calculated. There was no difference at rest between groups in hormonal values for TT, FT, DHEA, cortisol, the TT-to-SHBG ratio, and the TT-to-cortisol ratio. There were increases after SSTP in the levels of TT, FT, DHEA, and cortisol and the TT-to-SHBG ratio in the UG, but only FT increased in the SG. The SG demonstrated lower values in the TT-to-SHBG ratio after the training session. These results suggest the presence of alterations in anabolic and catabolic hormonal responses to resistance exercise in long-term trained middle-aged men, with the trained subjects demonstrating lower responsiveness in the hormone values. Long-term trained men seem to require a higher volume of training, at least similar to their daily workout, to stimulate greater hormone responses.
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2015
Rosa, C, Vilaç a-Alves, J, Fernandes, HM, Saavedra, FJ, Pinto, RS, and dos Reis, VM. Order effects of combined strength and endurance training on testosterone, cortisol, growth hormone, and IGF-1 binding protein 3 in concurrently trained men. J Strength Cond Res 29(1): 74-79, 2015-Concurrent training (CT) has been widely used in fitness centers to simultaneously optimize cardiovascular and neuromuscular fitness, and induce a high-energy expenditure. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the acute effects of 2 different orders of CT on hormonal responses in concurrently trained men. Fourteen men (mean 6 SD: 24.7 6 5.1 years) were randomly divided into 2 groups: endurance training followed by strength (ES, n = 7) and strength training followed by endurance (SE, n = 7). Serum concentrations of testosterone, cortisol, growth hormone, and IGF-1 binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) were measured before and after both training orders. A significant interaction between exercise order and time was only found in the IGFBP-3 levels (p = 0.022). The testosterone and IGFBP-3 concentrations significantly increased in the ES group after the exercise trainings (57.7 6 35.1%, p = 0.013 and 17.0 6 15.5%, p = 0.032, respectively) but did not change significantly in the SE group (15.5 6 36.6%, p = 0.527 and 24.2 6 13.9%, p = 0.421, respectively). Conversely, cortisol and growth hormone concentrations significantly increased in both ES (169.2 6 191.0%, p = 0.021 and 13,296.8 6 13,009.5%, p = 0.013, respectively) and SE (92.2 6 81.5%, p = 0.017 and 12,346.2 6 9714.1%, p = 0.001, respectively) groups compared with baseline values. No significant correlations were found between the changes in the hormonal concentrations. In conclusion, these results suggest that immediately postexercise testosterone and IGFPB-3 responses are significantly increased only after the ES order. Therefore, an ES training order should be prescribed if the main focus of the training intervention is to induce an acute postexercise anabolic environment.
Acute Hormonal Responses to Heavy Resistance Exercise in Strength Athletes Versus Nonathletes
Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, 2004
The purpose of this investigation was to examine the acute responses of several hormones [total and free testosterone (TT and FT, respectively), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol (C), growth hormone (GH), and insulin (INS)] to a single bout of heavy resistance exercise (HRE). Eight younger [30-year (30y) group] and nine older [62-year (62y) group] men matched for general physical characteristics and activity levels performed four sets of ten repetitions maximum (RM) squats with 90 s rest between sets. Blood samples were obtained from each subject via an indwelling cannula with a saline lock pre-exercise, immediately postexercise (IP), and 5, 15 and 30 min post-exercise. Levels of TT, FT, ACTH, C and lactate signi®cantly increased after HRE for both groups. Pre-HRE pairwise dierences between groups were noted only for FT, while post-HRE pairwise dierences were found for TT, FT, GH, glucose and lactate. Area under the curve analysis showed that the 30y group had a signi®cantly higher magnitude of increase over the entire recovery period (IP, 5, 15, and 30 min post-exercise) for TT, FT, ACTH and GH. Few changes occurred in the INS response with the only change being that the 62y group demonstrated a decrease IP. Lactate remained elevated at 30 min post-HRE. This investigation demonstrates that age-related dierences occur in the endocrine response to HRE, and the most striking changes appear evident in the FT response to HRE in physically active young and older men.
European Journal of Applied Physiology, 1998
Acute hormone responses of growth hormone (GH), total and free testosterone (TT and FT) and cortisol (C) to heavy resistance isometric exercise were examined in ten young men [YM 26.5 (SD 4.8) years] and ten old men [OM 70.0 (SD 3.7) years]. Loading conditions of the same relative intensity were created for the lower and upper extremity actions separately as well as for both of them together ± lower extremity exercise (LE; knee extension), upper extremity exercise (UE; bench press extension), and lower and upper extremity exercise (LUE) performed simultaneously in a seated position. Single voluntary maximal isometric actions lasting for 5 s were performed repeatedly for ten repetitions (with a recovery of 5 s) for a total of four sets. The recovery time between the sets was 1 min. Each exercise led to large acute decreases in maximal isometric force in both YM (P < 0.001) and OM (P < 0.001) ranging from 41% to 26% with no signi®cant dierences between the groups. Serum GH concentrations increased in both YM (P < 0.05±0.01) and OM (P < 0.05) but the postexercise value in YM during LE was greater (P < 0.05) than for OM. The TT increased (P < 0.01± 0.001) in YM in all three exercises, while in OM the increase occurred only during LE (P < 0.01). The exercises led to increases in FT in YM (P < 0.05 for LE and LUE), while in OM the increase occurred only during LUE (P < 0.05). The pre and postexercise FT were greater in YM (P < 0.001) than in OM. No sig-ni®cant changes occurred in C either in YM or in OM. The blood lactate concentrations increased during the exercises in both YM (P < 0.001) and OM (P < 0.05± 0.001) but the postexercise values during LE and LUE in YM were greater (P < 0.05) than in OM. The present data would indicate that the responses of GH, TT and FT to heavy resistance isometric exercise are lowered with increasing age. The reduced acute hormone response together with the lowered basal values in FT in the older men compared to the young men may indicate decreased anabolic eects on muscles and may explain in part the loss of muscle mass and strength associated with aging.
Hormonal and growth factor responses to heavy resistance exercise protocols
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 1990
To examine endogenous anabolic hormone and growth factor responses to various heavy resistance exercise protocols (HREPs), nine male subjects performed each of six randomly assigned HREPs, which consisted of identically ordered exercises carefully designed to control for load [5 vs. 10 repetitions maximum (RM)], rest period length (1 vs. 3 min), and total work effects. Serum human growth hormone (hGH), testosterone (T), somatomedin-C (SM-C), glucose, and whole blood lactate (HLa) concentrations were determined preexercise, midexercise (i.e., after 4 of 8 exercises), and at 0, 5, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min postexercise. All HREPs produced significant (P less than 0.05) temporal increases in serum T concentrations, although the magnitude and time point of occurrence above resting values varied across HREPs. No differences were observed for T when integrated areas under the curve (AUCs) were compared. Although not all HREPs produced increases in serum hGH, the highest responses were o...
Recovery responses of testosterone, growth hormone, and IGF-1 after resistance exercise
Journal of Applied Physiology, 2016
The complexity and redundancy of the endocrine pathways during recovery related to anabolic function in the body belie an oversimplistic approach to its study. The purpose of this review is to examine the role of resistance exercise (RE) on the recovery responses of three major anabolic hormones, testosterone, growth hormone(s), and insulin-like growth factor 1. Each hormone has a complexity related to differential pathways of action as well as interactions with binding proteins and receptor interactions. Testosterone is the primary anabolic hormone, and its concentration changes during the recovery period depending on the upregulation or downregulation of the androgen receptor. Multiple tissues beyond skeletal muscle are targeted under hormonal control and play critical roles in metabolism and physiological function. Growth hormone (GH) demonstrates differential increases in recovery with RE based on the type of GH being assayed and workout being used. IGF-1 shows variable increase...
Journal of Applied Physiology, 2016
The complexity and redundancy of the endocrine pathways during recovery related to anabolic function in the body belie an oversimplistic approach to its study. The purpose of this review is to examine the role of resistance exercise (RE) on the recovery responses of three major anabolic hormones, testosterone, growth hormone(s), and insulin-like growth factor 1. Each hormone has a complexity related to differential pathways of action as well as interactions with binding proteins and receptor interactions. Testosterone is the primary anabolic hormone, and its concentration changes during the recovery period depending on the upregulation or downregulation of the androgen receptor. Multiple tissues beyond skeletal muscle are targeted under hormonal control and play critical roles in metabolism and physiological function. Growth hormone (GH) demonstrates differential increases in recovery with RE based on the type of GH being assayed and workout being used. IGF-1 shows variable increase...