Incoherent strategies, fragmented outcomes. Raising women's employment rate in Germany (original) (raw)
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The paper seeks to provide some insights into the trends and patterns of female employment in Germany and their underlying institutional framework. It is argued that the main challenge facing female employment in Germany is often the low quality of jobs. The so-called German "employment miracle" has been accompanied by a rising prevalence of low hourly pay and atypical work forms in recent years. Women's employment growth is primarily based on a steadily rising numbers of part-time and mini-jobs -a very particular German institution that provides incentives to keep the monthly earnings below €450. It is argued that real progress to more gender equality in the German labour market has been hindered by the institutional framework which still remains very ambiguous and inconsistent, as regards the role of women in the labour market.
Gender Mainstreaming in Employment Policies in Germany
2009
and Law. Since 2009, she is the German member of the European Commission socioeconomic expert network on non-discrimination. She is a member of the Alliance of German Women's Organisations and in 2008 co-edited the Alternative Report in response to the 6th Periodic Report of the Federal German Government on the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and is currently working on aspects of multiple discrimination.
Women’s employment in Germany: Robust in crisis but vulnerable in job quality
2014
ABSTRACT http://www.ofce.sciences-po.fr/publications/revue133.htm The paper seeks to provide some insights into the trends and patterns of female employment in Germany and their underlying institutional framework. It is argued that the main challenge facing female employment in Germany is often the low quality of jobs. The so-called German “employment miracle” has been accompanied by a rising prevalence of low hourly pay and atypical work forms in recent years. Women’s employment growth is primarily based on a steadily rising numbers of part-time and mini-jobs – a very particular German institution that provides incentives to keep the monthly earnings below €450. It is argued that real progress to more gender equality in the German labour market has been hindered by the institutional framework which still remains very ambiguous and inconsistent, as regards the role of women in the labour market.
Gender mainstreaming in european employment policies
This article analyzes how gender mainstreaming is discursively redefined in a neoliberal frame within the European Employment Strategy, and looks at the effect of this on employment practices in Germany. The focus of the article is on new governance tools such as the open method of coordination (OMC) in the European employment strategy and the implementation of gender mainstreaming in Germany. From a theoretical perspective, following studies on governmentality, the European integration process, with its new governance tools like the OMC, can be interpreted in a way that changes our perspective on governance. The European integration process can be analyzed as changing and regulating the mechanisms of governance with technologies such as knowledge and economically oriented political benchmarks which reframe gender policies such as gender mainstreaming in an activating and individualizing strategy. In looking at gender mainstreaming, therefore, the article deals with discourses and governmental programs as technologies of power which steer policies and governance mechanisms towards neoliberal rationalities and practices, thus highlighting the governmental technologies used to consolidate neoliberal policies. Keywords: gender mainstreaming; technologies of government; governmentality; European Employment Strategy (EES); open method of coordination (OMC); Germany
Gender and Work in Germany: Before and After Reunification
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� Abstract New state and market,arrangements,were twice imposed,on the resi- dents of the eastern part of Germany, once when Germany was divided in 1949 and again when,it was reunified in 1990; these changes,produced,a unique natural experi- ment concerning,the effect of policies and institutions on the gendered,nature of work. This review synthesizes research on gender,equality in paid and unpaid work,in East
The ever-declining role of gender equality in the European Employment Strategy
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This article analyses the changing position of gender in the European Employment Strategy (EES) since its 2005 relaunch. Overall, we find a picture of mixed progress towards gender equality goals across Member States. There is evidence of the EU soft law approach leading to positive developments as the use of targets in conjunction with Country-Specific Recommendations and Points-to-Watch have had some influence in promoting gender equality policies among Member States. However, the weakened position of gender mainstreaming in European-level initiatives has led to gender being marginalised or ignored in national and EU policy responses to the crisis. The prominence of gender has declined further in the 2010 revision of the EES under the 2020 banner. This introduces new risks as the emphasis on gender equality falls further down the list of priorities in the streamlining of the Lisbon Process.
Review of Policy Research, 2003
The historically dominant male breadwinner and female carer model in West Germany has resulted in comparably low female employment rates and a gender-structured labor market. Since the 1970s, the decline of traditional patterns and sectors of male employment has been accompanied by the expansion of the female-dominated service sector. Supplemented by women's higher educational attainment, a pluralism of household forms, and German unification, the result has been constant growth in female employment. With more working mothers, the question of combining work and family has provoked policy responses that, in West Germany, have mainly centered on family leave policies. In addressing the question of whether these policies have resulted in a more equitable sharing of paid and family work, this article presents longitudinal empirical data on the working patterns of women entitled to different forms of family leave. These show how changing regulations have led to the institutionalization of a "baby break" for younger women and to the promotion of labor market exclusion.