Neural Tube Defects in Iraq (original) (raw)

List of figures ix List of tables xi Acknowledgements xiii General introduction XV Part 1 Global exchange rate regimes 1 1 The gold standard regime 3 2 The International Monetary Fund system 12 3 The float 4 The European Monetary System 5 The increased financial interdependence in the world economy Part II Open economy models-comparative statics analysis 51 6 The Mundell-Fleming model 7 The Mundell-Fleming model-its strengths and limitations 8 The Mundell-Fleming model with wage and price adjustment 9 Disequilibrium models of product and labour markets 106 6.1 Equilibrium in the goods, money and foreign exchange markets 6.2 Monetary policy with zero capital mobility 6.3 Monetary policy with some capital mobility 6.4 Monetary policy with perfect capital mobility 6.5 Fiscal policy with zero capital mobility 6.6 Fiscal policy and capital mobility 6.7 Fiscal policy with high capital mobility 6.8 Fiscal policy with perfect capital mobility 7.1 The Β schedule with output in the capital flow equation 8.1 The extended Mundell-Fleming model 8.2 Adjustment in regime 1 8.3 Effects of (a) monetary policies and (b) fiscal policies in regime 1 8.4 Fiscal expansion with zero capital mobility in regime 2 8.5 Fiscal expansion with perfect capital mobility in regime 2 8.6 Monetary expansion-flexible rates 8.7 Fiscal expansion-flexible rates: (a) zero capital mobility; (b) perfect capital mobility 8.8 Effects of a nominal devaluation: (a) regime 1; (b) regime 2 8.9 Unemployment in the extended Mundell-Fleming model 9.1 Classical unemployment 9.2 Keynesian unemployment 9.3 Mixed classical and Keynesian unemployment 9.4 Repressed inflation 111 9.5 The monopolist's output-pricing strategy 113 9.6 Keynesian, classical and the natural rate of unemployment 117 χ Figures 11.1 Monetary expansion in a Mundell-Fleming model with wealth 137 11.2 Fiscal expansion in a Mundell-Fleming model with wealth 13.1 Two-country model, regime 1: monetary expansion in A 154 13.2 Two-country model, regime 1: fiscal expansion in A 155 13.3 Regime 2: monetary expansion in A 159 13.4 Regime 2: fiscal expansion in A with perfect capital mobility 160 13.5 Regime 3: monetary expansion in A with zero capital mobility 167 13.6 Regime 3: monetary expansion in A with perfect capital mobility 168 13.7 Regime 3: fiscal expansion in A with perfect capital mobility 169 18.1 Paths of adjustment of prices, exchange rates and interest rates following an expansion in the money supply 19.1 Equilibrium in the bond, money and foreign asset markets 19.2 The effect of an open market purchase 19.3 The effect of a current account surplus 19.4 Branson: convergence to equilibrium following an open market purchase 20.1 Equilibrium in the goods and financial markets 20.2 The effects of a fiscal expansion 21.1 Monetary expansion under flexible rates with a J curve 21.2 Fiscal expansion with a J curve 24.1 Monetary expansion at home: (a) case 1; (b) case 2; (c) case 3; (d) case 4 24.2 Fiscal expansion at home: (a) case 1; (b) case 2; (c) case 3; (d) case 4 25.1 Inflation-unemployment: (a) 1960-7; (b) 1968-73; (c) 1974-81; (d) 1982-91 26.1 World savings and investment 26.2 Effects of a fiscal deficit in the first country 28.1 Calculating the natural rate of unemployment 33.1 The impact of shifts in S/ Υ on I/ Υ 36.1 Krugman's target zone model 38.1 Assignment for internal and external balance: (a) case 1; (b) case 2 38.2 Fiscal policy coordination to achieve interest rate and current account objectives 38.3 Conventional assignment of exchange rate and fiscal policy to external-internal balance 41.1 Targeting prices, nominal income and money Tables 2.1 International reserves, 1950-72 4.1 European countries: convergence indicators for 1991 and 1992 41 6.1 Solutions for three regimes (Mundell-Fleming model) 7.1 Flexible rates: effect of a monetary expansion of 10 per cent 7.2 Flexible rates: effect of a fiscal expansion 74 7.3 MultiMod simulations: fiscal expansion for France and Italy under narrow exchange rate bands 75 8.1 Regime 1 8.2 Regime 2 95 8.3 Regime 8.4 Effect of an exogenous devaluation 10.1 Effect of an exogenous change 12.1 IMF world trade model: price elasticities of demand for imports and exports of manufactures 13.1 Two-country model, regime 1 13.2 Two-country model, regime 2: zero capital mobility, symmetrical adjustment 13.3 Two-country model, regime 2: perfect capital mobility, symmetrical adjustment 13.4 Two-country model, regime 2: zero capital mobility, asymmetrical adjustment 13.5 Two-country model, regime 2: perfect capital mobility, asymmetrical adjustment 13.6 Two-country model, regime 3: flexible exchange rates 13.7 Hypothetical global and country effects of monetary and fiscal policies originating in A xii Tables 13.8 Impact of US macro policy on Australian output 14.1 Monetary and fiscal expansion in A and Β 15.1 Transmission of monetary and fiscal policies in a two-country world 15.2 US and Japanese fiscal shocks 15.3 Monetary expansion 17.1 The effects of monetary fiscal policies in a two-sector model 20.1 US evolution of key domestic variables, 1981-8 21.1 Short-run solutions for yr, r d , e and p for a monetary expansion with a J curve 24.1 Monetary and fiscal policies at home 28.1 Natural rate of unemployment 31.1 Inflation and exchange rates vis-à-vis the USA, 1973-89 35.1 Inflation and unemployment in sixteen industrial countries, 1960-91 39.1 Direction of change in key target variables 445 42.1 Real cycles, industrial countries, 1972-91 42.2 Key impulses driving the real economy (industrial countries) 42.3 Key economic indicators-OECD industrial countries (1967-91) 43.1 Monetary targeting-select countries 44.1 Real wage flexibility and unemployment outcomes 44.2 Public expenditure on labour market programmes as a percentage of gross domestic product, 1987-9 45.1 Deutschmark-US dollar and yen-US dollar rates 46.1 Inflation, output growth and unemployment 46.2 Productivity in the business sector 46.3