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Progress in Organic Coatings, 2011
Conservation of historical buildings is an important issue. The environmental conditions seriously affect the monumental stones. Although different coating materials were tested, the polymeric materials have been showing the most promising results for protection of archeological stones. Therefore, in the current study, the acrylic polymer was used for conservation of monuments made of sandstone and limestone. The adsorption of the acrylic polymer onto both stones was analyzed and the durability of the coatings under different environmental conditions was tested and simulated by artificial aging. Moreover, the mechanism of polymer-stone interactions was elucidated by interfacial characterization techniques.
Porcelainized stoneware: architectural, processing and physico-mechanical properties
Materiales de Construcción, 1996
El gres porcelánico es un material cerámico muy duro y homogéneo, no vidriado en su superficie, obtenido por cocción rápida de composiciones ricas en caolinita, conteniendo una gran cantidad de fundentes. Las plaquetas de pavimentos que se obtienen son de una variedad muy extensa en aspectos, diseños y colores, caracterizándose, fundamentalmente, por su muy baja porosidad (0,3wt%, expresado en porcentaje de capacidad de absorción de agua).Estos materiales son ideales para tráfico pesado en áreas sujetas a intensas tensiones mecánicas y químicas. El gres porcelánico ofrece alternativas válidas (y, en muchos casos, soluciones necesarias) a los pavimentos vidriados tradicionales, en interiores o para usos exteriores, ambos con decoraciones modernas o clásicas para suelos o recubrimientos de paredes.
Surface Properties of Porcelain Stoneware Tiles: The Influence of Different Protective Coatings
In the last few years the demand of porcelain stoneware tiles, having even more improved aesthetic appearance, became very important, so that different product typologies, in terms of bulk and surface properties, came out. In particular, polishing process, which provides smooth and highly glossy surfaces compared to the as-fired ones, gives the product a very high aesthetic value. The industrial polishing process, however, causes the formation of superficial defects and inhomogeneities, leading to a worsening of product performances in working conditions. The aim of this work was to emphasize the role played by different chemical coatings on the surface microstructural features of different product typologies, through the investigation of their behaviour in terms of stain resistance and service life.
Effect of inorganic compound on artificial stones’ properties
International Journal of Industrial Chemistry, 2015
Many natural mines of decorative stones have been seen in the mountainous areas of the province Lorestan (Iran). Due to the traditional harvesting methods, these processes cause irreparable environmental damages. The formulation of decorative stone consists of travertine stone (TS) and marmarit stone (MS) with stone seeds 8-200 and 10-200. Cement, water, unsaturated polyester resin and fillers are used in the production of artificial stone composites from lesions of stone factory. The mechanical properties of TS with grain of size 10-200 are better than other grains and stones. The compressive strength of the samples was increased by reducing water content to 25 % and increase of unsaturated polyester resin percentage to 12 %. To improve the properties of the samples and minimization of their pores, we used fillers such as calcium carbonate, silica, silane, titanium dioxide and zinc oxide. Calcium carbonate causes softening and loss of the composite samples. The results showed that use of the fillers including micro-silica, silane and titanium dioxide increases mechanical properties and eliminated close to all pores significantly. Unlike the concrete, artificial stone composite obtained in the absence of water pool showed better properties that increase with time.
Coatings, 2021
The application of hydrophobic treatments to stone surfaces is the most common proven method to prevent, or at least limit, the degradation of stone-made constructions and artworks brought about by the ingress and action of water, in particular in the case of very porous stone materials. To avoid the use of protective products containing harmful solvents, new green products have been proposed. In this paper, an eco-friendly hydrophobic coating, based on a fluorine polymer dispersed in water, was deeply analyzed to evaluate its protective properties, especially for very porous stone substrates. To this aim, a wide characterization of treated and untreated Lecce stone elements, i.e., a stone typical of the Apulia region, was carried out to assess the optimum required amount, the effectiveness and the protective capability, even against graffiti staining, of the green hydrophobic treatment, still allowing the stone to retain adequate vapor permeability. The efficacy of the eco-friendly...
Protective Treatments for Lapped Porcelain Stoneware Tiles and Evaluation of Their Cleanability
Ceramics - Silikaty
Since the arrival of lapped porcelain stoneware tiles on the market, several studies have been focused on the improvement of the technical characteristics of the surfaces of these products. Surface lapping induces aesthetical improvements, but can at the same time deteriorate the performance of porcelain stoneware tiles. To overcome this problem, it is possible to protect the lapped surface with commercial waterproofing materials. In this work, lapped commercial porcelain stoneware tiles with protective stain proofing agents (FILA PD15 and FILA 1239 Plus) were evaluated. The stain resistance and chemical resistance results were correlated to the morphological surface characteristics of the products with and without protection. A systematic study of the surface porosity of the tiles was carried out. Results showed that unprotected surface pores tend to fill with dirt that is hardly removable by ordinary maintenance. If the pores are protected, the dirt from foot traffic is deposited only superficially and can be removed.
Brazilian Dental Journal, 2012
This study compared the surface detail reproduction and dimensional accuracy of stone models obtained from molds disinfected with 2% sodium hypochlorite, 2% chlorhexidine digluconate or 0.2% peracetic acid to models produced using molds which were not disinfected, with 3 alginate materials (Cavex ColorChange, Hydrogum 5 and Jeltrate Plus). The molds were prepared over matrix containing 20-, 50-, and 75-µm lines, performed under pressure with perforated metal tray. The molds were removed following gelation and either disinfected (using one of the solutions by spraying followed by storage in closed jars for 15 min) or not disinfected. The samples were divided into 12 groups (n=5). Molds were filled with dental gypsum Durone IV and 1 h after the start of the stone mixing the models were separated from the tray. Surface detail reproduction and dimensional accuracy were evaluated using optical microscopy on the 50-µm line with 25 mm in length, in accordance with the ISO 1563 standard. The dimensional accuracy results (%) were subjected to ANOVA. The 50 µm-line was completely reproduced by all alginate impression materials regardless of the disinfection procedure. There was no statistically significant difference in the mean values of dimensional accuracy in combinations between disinfectant procedure and alginate impression material (p=0.2130) or for independent factors. The disinfectant solutions and alginate materials used in this study are no factors of choice regarding the surface detail reproduction and dimensional accuracy of stone models.
Study of Mechanical and Sanitary Properties of Artificial Cast Stone Products
Materials
This paper aimed to analyse the mechanical and sanitary properties of artificial cast stone. To create an artificial stone product of the desired shape and design, a thermoforming process is used, during which heavy presses shape the artificial stone parts at a certain temperature. According to experimental studies, the most suitable temperature for monochromatic and patterned cast stone thermoforming is 160 °C when the material has the least bending resistance and does not react strongly to heat. It is observed that the cast stone bends more easily as the distance increases. The bending test of the glued samples made it possible to find out which of the three gluing methods is the most resistant to the forces acting on the samples during bending. The sanitary properties of the artificial stone were compared with the properties of other commonly used surfaces. In the microbiological study, suspensions of three different bacteria were spread on stainless steel, laminated particleboar...
Ornamental stones industry produces huge amounts of different types of wastes. It can be presented during quarrying (sometimes due to its worth blockability) and / or during sawing which produces large amounts of dust. These wastes may cause great environmental and healthy hazards. Recently, many studies aim to reuse quarries waste to increase their economic values through producing artificial ornamental stones (AOS). AOS is a glazed surface characterized by very low porosity and stains resistance. Also, AOS can be more durable than natural quarried marble .It is also more resistant to stains, wear and damaging effects of house hold chemicals. In this study, AOS plates were produced using two different limestone quarry wastes and epoxy resin. The casted specimens were tested for, physico-mechanical, thermal conductivity, thermo Gravimetric analysis (TGA/Dr.TGA), Fourier-Transform infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) as well as its durability against salt crystallization and color stability with temperature rising. The produced AOS presented properties comply with values of natural ornamental stones applied in civil construction.