Characterization and Geotechnical Properties of Penang Residual Soils with Emphasis on Landslides (original) (raw)
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This paper discusses the physical characterization of soil that were collected from different landslide density zones modelled in the GIS. The basic assumption employed in this paper is that failed soil materials in a delineated high landslide density zone may have different characteristics from soils in other density zones; although they are in located in the same rock formation. The study area is located along the stretch of the Ranau-Tambunan road in Sabah, Malaysia (Fig. 1). There are two dominant rock formations in the study area, namely: Crocker Formation and Trusmadi Formation (Fig. 2), although both formations are well-known for their instability, the discussion in this paper focusses on slope failures that were occurred in the sedimentary rock of the Crocker Formation. Jacobson (1970) categorized the Crocker Formation into four main lithological units; these units are thick bedded sandstone, thinly bedded sandstone and siltstone/shale, red and dark shale and slumped deposits. According to Roslee et al. (2006), the sandstone unit of the Crocker Formation is made of fine to very fine-grained texture but highly fractured. The Trusmadi Formation rock sequence can be divided into four main lithological units; interbedded sequences (turbidites), argillaceous rocks, cataclasites and massive sandstones (Jacobson 1970). The presents of well-stratified dark argillaceous sequence of siltstone and thin bedded turbidite in the Trusmadi Formation makes it distinct from the Crocker Formation. Low grade metamorphosed rocks such as slate, phyllite and quartzite were also presents in the Trusmadi Formations. In terms of structural orientation, NW-SE and NE-SW were the major orientations (Tongkul 2007). Two phases of fieldwork were conducted to collect information of landslides in the study area. The first phase was in 2009 and another in 2011. During the first fieldwork, there were 56 landslides observed and in 2011, only 18 new landslides were recorded. A landslide density map comprises of landslides in both years was generated in GIS using the fishnet tool. The density zones were classified into three classes, namely: low (1-2 landslides), Moderate (3-4 landslides) and High (> 4 landslides). Seven soil samples from seven failed slopes in the Crocker Formation were collected from each density zones and tested in the laboratory 3-4 days after collection. The tests conducted on these soil samples were particle size distribution, Atterberg limit (liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index), moisture content, specific gravity, and undrained triaxial test (friction angle & cohesion). Based on the distribution of landslides in 2009 and 2011 and their density, there are six (6) zones that can be indicated as high landslide density, these are km 12, 15, 18,
In this study, an initiative has been taken to characterize soil physical properties of stable and failed soil slopes along the Ranau-Tambunan road in Sabah. A total of 26 samples consisting of 10 samples from stable slopes and another 16 samples from failed soil slopes were collected. Basic physical soil tests that were performed were particle size distribution, liquid limit, plastic limit and plasticity index. The Mann-W hitney test was used to determine the association between landslides and the physical properties of both slope groups. In addition, mean rank of physical properties for both slope groups were also computed. Based on the test, the particle size distribution, liquid and plasticity index for both groups were indicated as significantly associated with landslides with p values of 0.0305, 0.009 and 0.040 respectively. The plastic limit (p=0.667), however, did not show significant association with landslide occurrences. In terms of mean rank, failed slopes have higher value than stable slopes for fine grain materials comprising of silt and clay (15.94 vs 9.60), liquid limit (16.50 vs 8.70), plastic limit (14.03 vs 12.65) and plasticity index (16.69 vs 8.40).
Slope Stability Analysis of Granitic Residual Soil Using SLOPE/W, Resistivity and Seismic
International Journal of Engineering & Technology
There are many factors that influence slope failure such as natural disasters and human activities. Amongst the major causes are the rise of groundwater and infiltration of prolonged and antecedent rainfalls. Together with its geographical condition; high lands and mountains, Malaysia is prone to have landslides especially at the Main Range area where most of the soil is residual soil. This study investigated a slope which had a history of landslide due to circular failure landslide using Slope/W, resistivity and seismic surveys to determine the physical and mechanical properties of the on-site materials. Based on the resistivity survey, the existence of groundwater level has been detected at a depth of 10.0 m from the ground level. Seismic analysis showed that the subsurface area was made up of Weathered Granite Grade VI (sandy soil) which is loose to medium dense. SLOPE/W analysis showed that the factor of safety (FOS) was 0.186 which was unstable for slope stability condition. Th...
Study Index Properties of Soil from Geotechnical Test in their Relation to Landslide
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
There are many methods in assessing landslide, one of them is examine the properties of soil. In this research measured several test on soil sample i.e. unit weight, Moisture content, Hydrometer test. The unit weight test yields a value is 13.63kN/m3, water content value is 4.51%. Furthermore, the sieve analysis test and hydrometer analysis were carried out to determine the type of soil in the study area, namely little sandy silt. The combination of a steep slope with the type of material that makes up the slope makes the slope prone to landslides. Creep often occur in the slope, which are caused by vibrations from vehicles at the foot of the slope. This condition will make the slope even more unstable because the geometry of the slope will become steeper.
International Journal of Engineering, 2016
Clay minerals that make up and contain in the soft soil or soil residu, have their characteristics to express their chemical and geotechnical nature. Therefore the residual soil can affect slope stability as well as infrastructure laying on it. This study aims to assess the type and distribution of clay minerals deployment in vertical section and its relationship with the nature of the plasticity of the soil layer. The method used in this research are field observations, soil sampling includes surface and subsurface (“test pit”), Petrographic analysis, XRD analysis and Atterberg test. Chemical element concentretion indicates the presence of illite mineral (32.5% - 63.7%), vermiculite (17.2% -30.6%), kaolinite (0.0% - 12.6%), montmorillonite (6.4% -12.0% ), halloysite (0.0% - 20.3%) and chlorite (0.0% - 22.1%). The plasticity test is high and has a potential deployment from moderate to high.
2017
Indonesia is a tropical country with rainy season and dry season. When rainy season occurred, West Java region have a quite intense of rainfall. This circumstance will trigger a landslide disaster. Thus, a further comprehensive research is need to be conducted to prevent and minimize victim that caused by landslide disaster. The methods were used in this research is Geological Mapping and Mechanical Soil (Plastic Limit & Liquid Limit). From this research it is known that the lithology of Sukarasa and surrounding area, Tanjungsari, West Java is consist of most claystone and andesite. According to Plastic Limit and Liquid Limit Analysis, research area is categorized as risky area of landslide occurance.
Geotechnical characterization in hilly area of Kundasang, Sabah, Malaysia
2018
Geotechnical Characterization is an approach that derives from the soil investigation report. Often, the soil investigation report would provide the information regarding the proposed development area, or the area which involved in the remedial work. And in the soil investigation reports, the most important values were arranged in the separated sections. With geotechnical characterization, all the important data will be summarized and compiled in the convenient way to describe the soil condition of the area. This paper provides an overview of the geotechnical characterization in this particular area which could be utilized to solve existing issues in the construction industry. The scope of this study is confined to several aspects, namely soil types in the boreholes according to the USCS, liquid limit, plasticity index, soil cohesion, angle of internal frictions, and soil plasticity. Among the many applications of this approach includes slope stability, soil shear strength and found...
Characterization the geotechnical properties of a Malaysian granitic residual soil grade V
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2019
Residual soils are produced from weathering of rocks and commonly found in tropical humid areas. The geotechnical properties of residual soils are a function of the parent rock, the degree of weathering, and climate which vary from region to region. A thorough quantification of the geotechnical characteristics of residual soils is required for a safe and economic structure design. This study attempts to summarize a series of important geotechnical properties of a Malaysian granitic residual soil grade V which determine the suitability and ability of the soil for construction including particles size distribution, specific gravity, plastic index, soil-water characteristic curve, and shear strength. The findings were compared with geotechnical properties of other residual soils which were reported previously. The results showed weathering grade and the percentage of fine particles are the two important factors in controlling the geotechnical properties of residual soils.
International Journal of Geomate, 2016
Landslides in ancient mountains in Indonesia have occurred in various types, scales and frequencies. Such variation seems to be determined by the weathering related to geological age. Hence, it is deemed essential to study the distinctive condition of landslide on ancient volcanic rocks. It is aimed to observe the features and avalanches that occur due to the geological age of ancient volcanic rocks in order to predict future events and the identification of instability. Geotechnical parameters on volcanic rocks and geological age were used for the interpretation of the instability. The interpretation of ancient volcanic rocks to the hazards of landslides in this study was as an attempt to create an early warning system against the vulnerability of landslides.The runoff movement is triggered by erosion in the channel valleys and the failure of the shear on soil due to sharp increase of groundwater levels. The presence of bulking in the sediment and the run off has led the surface material to be eroded from the upstream slope to the slopes. In comparison, landslides in a metamorphic rock area are in the form of translational and rotational complex movements, whereas in ancient volcanic rocks that formed at the pleistocene era, avalanches occur in the form of creep and the steep slope debris flow occurs where the material surface drainage occurs because the loose material is relatively low slope and strength parameters.
Geoenvironmental Disasters, 2020
Landslides are the second biggest natural disasters in Indonesia, occurring mostly in volcanic area with thick and clay rich soils. Examining the changes of land surface and soil morphology brought about by a particular landslide is usually the first step required for vegetative rehabilitation. Most examinations to date, however, have been based on general characters rather than on soil morphology, including physical and chemical characteristics of the soil, which are usually locally specific. This study investigates the morphological characteristics of soil in a landslideprone slope region of Sumbing Volcano, in Central Java Province of Indonesia. The field investigations are conducted at three landslides sites. It starts with interpreting small format areal-photographs which have been geocorrected, followed by the delineation of landslide zones (i.e. crowns, main scarps, heads, bodies and toes) based on morphological analysis of the landslide sites. Finally, identification of morphological, physical and chemical characteristics of the soil in each of the landslide zones are conducted in the field, along with laboratory tests. The results demonstrate that soil morphology is unique for each of the landslide zones. The characters of the undisturbed soil, as indicated by well-defined genetic horizons, are found in the crown zones. Outcrop of high clay content soil material layers are seen in the main scarp zones. Meanwhile pedoturbation processes are evident in the zone of bodies and toes, suggesting that the soil is prone for erosion. If natural erosions in these zones are not controlled and/or unmitigated, the situation will trigger landslide reactivations. We suggest that in studying landslide, one also considers the characters of soil morphology, as this additional information provides a more complete understanding of both land surface morphology and soil morphology to inform landslide vegetative rehabilitation.