Anaerobic digestion experiment using Cynara cardunculus L. stalks (original) (raw)
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The purpose of the present study was to explore and evaluate the influence of different pretreatments on Cynara stalks over anaerobic digestion and potential methane production. Different pre-treatments followed by anaerobic digestion batch experiments, were carried-out to Cynara stalks feedstock in order to select the most effective combination. After selecting the most suitable inocullum/substrate (I/S) ratio, different pre-treatments: mechanical, thermal, thermal chemical and enzymatic were studied to enhance the biogas and methane yield in correlation with volatile solids (VS) reduction. The most promising pre-treatment was submitted to a final experiment, in order to set up optimized operational parameters. The thermal chemical pre-treatment applied to the substrate, in the final assay, doubled the cumulative methane yield in comparison with the trial conducted with the untreated one. The methane yield achieved was 0.59 l/g VS added and 0.31 l/g VS added for the pre-treated and untreated substrate respectively. The enhancement achieved is also shown in terms of VS reduction. Enzymatic pre-treatment can contibute to an improvement of untreated substrate hydrolyses and also an increase in methane yield of 18% in comparison with the one without enzymatic addition. Mechanical pre-treatment combined with the addition of enzymes enhance hydrolyses of the substrate improving inoculums efficiency however, more experiments are required within higher incubation times.
Cynara cardunculus L. as a biomass and multi-purpose crop: A review of 30 years of research
Biomass and Bioenergy, 2018
This review covers 30 years on cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.); a perennial plant adapted to the Mediterranean climate conditions of low rainfall and hot dry summers. Its potential as a non-food agricultural crop for set-aside lands and the excellent biomass production created an enthusiastic research interest in this plant and its uses. The review starts with the plant morphology, ecology and development, followed by the agricultural aspects related to crop establishment and harvest, giving the available data on the production yields by biomass component, from small research plots to large-scale plantations. The biomass components are characterized regarding anatomical, chemical and physical properties in view of their use as feedstock for the different applications. The use of Cynara biomass for energy was assessed according to its fuel properties and performance under the various processes e.g. combustion, gasification and pyrolysis. Cynara seeds contain a linoleic acid rich oil that may be processed into a biodiesel with properties similar to commercial diesel. The production of biomethane and of ethanol were also studied with promising results. Cynara was tested as a fibre source for production of pulp and paper using different delignification processes (kraft, soda, ASAM and organosolvs) with good pulp yields and adequate physical and mechanical properties. More recently, the phytochemical and pharmacological activities of different compounds extracted from Cynara biomass are also being investigated. This plant is a good candidate to be grown in the dry lands of the Mediterranean region as a perennial field crop for multi-purposes and non-conventional uses.
2011
3.1 Co-digestion and mono-digestion of crops 3.2 An example of mono-digestion of crops 3.3 An example of co-digestion of crops 3.4 An example of continuous dry-fermentation of crops 3.5 An example of crop conversion to gaseous biofuel 4. Experience in crop digestion 4.1 Number of crop digestion plants in different countries 4.2 Full-scale crop digestion plants in Austria 4.3 Full-scale crop digestion plants in Germany 5. Significance and potential of crop digestion 5.1 Crop digestion and agricultural sustainability 5.2 Biogas yield per hectare of crops 5.3 Net energy yield per hectare of crops 5.4 profitability of crop digestion
Screening of novel plants for biogas production in northern conditions
Bioresource Technology, 2013
(PDF) Yhteenveto: Biokaasun tuotanto suurisatoisista energiakasveista pohjoisissa olosuhteissa Finnish summary Diss. In this thesis, the methane production potential of traditional and novel energy crops was evaluated in boreal conditions. The highest methane yield per hectare was achieved with maize (4 000-9 200 m 3 CH4 ha-1 a-1) and the second highest with brown knapweed (2 700-6 100 m 3 CH4 ha-1 a-1). Recently, the most feasible energy crop, grass, produced 1 200-3 600 m 3 CH4 ha-1 a-1. The specific methane yields of traditional and novel energy crops varied from 170-500 l kg-1 volatile solid (VS). The highest specific methane yields were obtained with maize, while the novel energy crops were at a lower range. The specific methane yields decreased in the later harvest time with maize and brown knapweed, and the specific methane yield of the grasses decreased from the 1 st to 2 nd harvests. Maize and brown knapweed produced the highest total solid (TS) yields per hectare 13-23 tTS ha-1 , which were high when compared with the TS yields of grasses (6-13 tTS ha-1). The feasibility of maize and brown knapweed in co-digestion with liquid cow manure, in continuously stirred tank reactors (CSTR), was evaluated. According to the CSTR runs, maize and brown knapweed are suitable feeds and have stable processes, producing the highest methane yields (organic loading rate 2 kgVS m-3 d-1), with maize at 259 l kgVS-1 and brown knapweed at 254 l kgVS-1. The energy balance (input/output) of the cultivation of the grasses, maize and brown knapweed was calculated in boreal conditions, and it was better when the digestate was used as a fertilizer (1.8-4.8 %) than using chemical fertilizers (3.7-16.2 %), whose production is the most energy demanding process in cultivation. In conclusion, the methane production of maize, grasses and novel energy crops can produce high methane yields and are suitable feeds for anaerobic digestion. The cultivation managements of maize and novel energy crops for biogas production require further research.
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY CROPS
Biomass crops deserve increasing interest among renewable energy sources. In this work we tested the biomass produced by Arundo, Switchgrass and two sorghum hybrids (B 133 and Trudan Headless), all grown without irrigation at moderate fertilization level, compared to irrigated, well fertilized Maize. The methane yield of the five crops was assessed in a batch experiment at 0.5 % VS organic load, incubated over 47 days at 35 °C. B 133 showed the highest dry biomass yield (29.2 Mg ha -1 ), followed by: Arundo, Switchgrass and Trudan Headless (26.8, 22.4 and 20.8 Mg ha -1 , respectively); Maize achieved 27.8 Mg ha -1 . Switchgrass showed the highest methane yield, 246 ml g -1 VS, followed by Trudan Headless, B 133, and Arundo (230, 193, 175 ml CH 4 g -1 VS, respectively); Maize exhibited an intermediate yield (192 ml CH 4 g -1 VS). Overall, the five crops displayed a remarkable methane yield; more specifically, the four annual and perennial biomass crops offer a promising alternative to Maize, achieving comparable biomass and methane yields in exchange for a lower need of cropping inputs.
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
The biogas production and methane (CH 4) enrichment for anaerobic digestion (AD) of fruit and vegetable waste (FVW). The biogas production and methane content of fruit and vegetable wastes (FVW) degradation were evaluated against a treatment combination with a cow dung at a Ratio of FVW to Cow dung T1 (cow dung alone), T2 (1:3), T3 (1:1), T4 (3:1),and T5 (FVW alone). The digesters were operated for 80 days. The highest total methane yields about 78.35% was obtained from the cow dung digester (T1). The highest production of biogas yield (7552.67 ml) was observed in T1 and the lowest biogas production rate (2652.83ml) was from a reactor operated by FVW alone. Similar to the biogas yield, higher percentage of methane was produced in 1. Anaerobic digestion; vegetable and fruit wastes of high calorific contents can be transformed to a source of energy through the production of biogas in this day and age of energy insufficiencies. Role in maximizing the process of anaerobic digestion through speeding up hydrolysis and to compare production potentials of commonly available wastes in Addis Ababa for possible co-digestion in large scale production of biogas. Thermo-chemical pre-treatment was the most effective for speeding up hydrolysis with the co-digested substrates producing maximum biogas. The moisture content ranged between 67-83%. The pH reduced from 6.8-7.2 before digestion to 6.2-6.8 after digestion. The desired C: N ratio was between 18:1 to 32:1 for Anaerobic Digestion. The gas produced was found to contain 63.89% methane, 33.12% CO 2 and 3% other gases.
Codigestion of Animal manure and Cassava Peel for Biogas Production in South Africa
9th Int'l Conference on Advances in Science, Engineering, Technology & Waste Management (ASETWM-17) Nov. 27-28, 2017 Parys, South Africa, 2017
Global energy demand is on the rise due to continuous increases in population, economic growth, and energy usage. Several studies have been done on biogas, but in South Africa, these are biased towards industrial wastewater. Therefore, there is need to explore other alternatives for biogas generation, for example energy crops such as fodder beets and cassava, on which studies are limited. Cassava has several advantages compared to other crops, including the ability to grow on degraded land and where soil fertility is low. It also has the highest yield of carbohydrate per hectare (4.742 kg/carb) apart from sugarcane and sugar beet, which makes it suitable for bioenergy (biogas) generation. This study was designed to determine the performance of co-digestion of cassava peel (CP) with cattle manure (CM) at different ratios, as well as to study the effect of the mixed ratios on methane yield through batch anaerobic digestion. All digesters were run simultaneously under mesophilic temperatures of 35 ± 1 °C. The digestion was carried out in 600 mL SCHOTT DURAN® glass laboratory bottles. The results showed that co-digestion influenced biogas production and methane yield. The final cumulative methane yields by the co-digestion of CM and CP at the CM:CP mixing ratios of 80:20 and 20:80 were 738.76 mL and 838.70 mL, respectively. The corresponding average daily methane yields were 18.42 mL/day and 20.97 mL/day. This indicates that CP enhanced the production of methane in the co-digestion process with the 20:80 CM:CP ratio.
Utilization of agricultural wastes for biogas production in Indonesia
2010
Indonesia has been facing the fuel energy problems in some parts of the country, especially in rural areas. In order to reduce dependence on commercial energy, steps have been taken to develop an alternative source, such as biogas. The main constraints for installing a digester, however, are the initial investment cost and the competition over kerosene. In this paper, the application of an anaerobic process for biogas production from cassava solid waste, water hyacinth, and manures are explained.
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering , 2017
The biogas production and methane (CH 4) enrichment for anaerobic digestion (AD) of fruit and vegetable waste (FVW). The biogas production and methane content of fruit and vegetable wastes (FVW) degradation were evaluated against a treatment combination with a cow dung at a Ratio of FVW to Cow dung T1 (cow dung alone), T2 (1:3), T3 (1:1), T4 (3:1),and T5 (FVW alone). The digesters were operated for 80 days. The highest total methane yields about 78.35% was obtained from the cow dung digester (T1). The highest production of biogas yield (7552.67 ml) was observed in T1 and the lowest biogas production rate (2652.83ml) was from a reactor operated by FVW alone. Similar to the biogas yield, higher percentage of methane was produced in 1. Anaerobic digestion; vegetable and fruit wastes of high calorific contents can be transformed to a source of energy through the production of biogas in this day and age of energy insufficiencies. Role in maximizing the process of anaerobic digestion through speeding up hydrolysis and to compare production potentials of commonly available wastes in Addis Ababa for possible co-digestion in large scale production of biogas. Thermo-chemical pre-treatment was the most effective for speeding up hydrolysis with the co-digested substrates producing maximum biogas. The moisture content ranged between 67-83%. The pH reduced from 6.8-7.2 before digestion to 6.2-6.8 after digestion. The desired C: N ratio was between 18:1 to 32:1 for Anaerobic Digestion. The gas produced was found to contain 63.89% methane, 33.12% CO 2 and 3% other gases.