Resistance to Political Violence in Latin America (original) (raw)
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The Politics of Violence in Latin America
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The University of Calgary Press acknowledges the support of the Government of Alberta through the Alberta Media Fund for our publications. We acknowledge the financial support of the Government of Canada. We acknowledge the financial support of the Canada Council for the Arts for our publishing program.
Entry for the Encyclopedia of Postcolonial Studies: A Metahistory of Material Practices of Power. Ed. Sangeeta Ray and Henry Schwarz. London: Wiley-Blackwell. Forthcoming.
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This volume comes from the hand of three of the best researchers on revolutionary movements in Latin America. The time elapsed and the partial end of the last guerrilla violence in Colombia with the accumulated knowledge allow the rigorous research that is reflected in this book."
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Resistance to Political Violence in Latin America: Documenting Atrocity (pp. 161-196). Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan., 2019
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collects political writings on human rights, social injustice, class struggle, antiimperialism, national liberation, and many other topics penned by urban and rural guerrilla movements. In the second half of the twentieth century, Latin America experienced a mass wave of armed revolutionary movements determined to overthrow oppressive regimes and eliminate economic exploitation and social injustices. After years of civil resistance, and having exhausted all peaceful avenues, thousands of workingclass people, peasants, professionals, intellectuals, clergymen, students, and teachers formed dozens of guerrilla movements. Fernando Herrera Calderón presents important political writings, some translated into English here for the first time, that serve to counteract the government propaganda that often overshadowed the intellectual side of revolutionary endeavors. These texts come from Latin American countries such as Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Mexico, Nicaragua, and many more. The book will be indispensable to anyone teaching or studying revolutions in modern Latin American history.
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This article examines the flood of resistance movements in today's Latin America. It places them in the context of the great economic changes that have swept the world since the end of the Cold War, what is often called "globalization." Analysis focuses on the "newness" of our contemporary period, especially the importance of the transnational political and economic order. This essay illustrates how social scientists attempt to understand this moment of change, and emphasizes the limitations to their theory. Special emphasis is on the utility of New Social Movement theory as a tool for understanding today's resistance movements as well as the potential paths for radical change. A wave of popular resistance is a defining feature of today's Latin America. Bolivia, in 2003, witnessed the ousting of a president by indigenous people, a process that brought the country to a standstill in September and October due to anti-government protests. 2 Argentina, in December 2001, experienced an economic meltdown, mass protests, and government collapse. In 2000, Mexico saw the defeat of a ruling party that had held power since the 1920s, largely due to emergence of civil society and an indigenous uprising in Chiapas. 3 Ecuador's indigenous people toppled a president in 2000. 4 Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori was forced to resign in 2000 after several days of massive street protests. While these were political events, they all were rooted in deeper currents of popular resistance. In Brazil, the landless movement (MST) has several hundred thousand people. They carry out a people's land reform by taking property without asking anyone's permission. 5 In Ecuador, communities in the Andean mountains organize against massive mining projects that would destroy cloud forests. Colombian indigenous battle oil companies that rape their land. 6 Indigenous communities in Mexico create their own, autonomous police force because the state police are unable to provide justice and security. 7 Soup kitchens, childcare, schools, and health clinics are provided by community organizations in every city, because the state has failed to do so. Hundreds of thousands of people migrate within their home countries and to far away places to secure additional income 1
Many people in Latin America today live under various forms of "violent peace." Although states are not at war with one another formally, the means of coercion, destruction, and militarization have not receded despite several "waves of democratization," and in fact, these have become normalized or concealed in everyday relations. Among world regions, contemporary Latin America is reported to have the highest rate of homicides, the worst levels of economic inequality, the deadliest settings for ecological defenders, and, according to the UN Development Programme, the highest levels of violence against women. Likewise—although this is less commonly reported—it contrasts with other parts of the world in terms of its wide range of political plurality and representation, cultural and biological diversity, and rich historical trajectories often marked by successful (and less successful) struggles for social justice and international peace. This inter- and anti-disciplinary course centers on a comparative, thematic, and chronological study of Latin America to understand the layered meanings and forms of violence, methods and challenges of promoting justice, and attempts to build durable peace. Developing complex and multidimensional approaches to peace and conflict issues in this particular region will help to build knowledge that may be applicable more broadly.