The Effect of Market Channels and Prices on the Income and Livelihood of Cashew Farmers in Kombo South District of the Gambia (original) (raw)
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Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology
Aims: This study examined the marketing challenges faced by cashew farmers in Kombo South District of The Gambia. The objectives of the study were to ascertain the challenges faced by cashew farmers and to identify ways of mitigating them in the study area. Study Design: Descriptive research design. Place and Duration of Study: The was conducted in Kombo South District of the Gambia between June and August, 2020. Methodology: The study included all male and female farmers within the ages of 18-75 years in the villages that constitute the Kombo South District in the Gambia. A sample of 384 cashew famers was selected from a population of 9318 farmers using Taro Yamane formula. Results: The findings of the study revealed that majority of farmers are affected by unstable domestic market prices of raw cashew nuts, lack of market information, poor road networks, large number of middlemen, lack of modern packaging materials, inadequate storage facilities, weak or no cashew farmer organizat...
Agbongiarhuoyi A.E., 2020
Cashew marketing system in Nigeria is deregulated and influenced by middlemen who determines sales price for rural farmers. They are constraint to sell their produce at cheaper prices. This situation affects producers' livelihood and discourages production. The study assessed the channels of marketing raw cashew nuts (RCNs) by farmers in Oyo and Kwara States. A multi stage sampling procedure was used in selecting farmers and data were obtained using interview schedule. The result shows that male farmers (82%) dominated cashew production. Farmers sold 80kg bag of cashew to buyers for an average price of N4,231 ($10.2) during the 2016 season. This was relatively low compared to cost of production. The most frequent channel farmers used in selling cashew nuts was village buying traders (71.7%). Most (70%) of the farmers had no idea of market information before selling their produce. The major constraints encountered by farmers were low price (95%), dishonesty of middlemen (87.5%) and lack of government regulation on cashew price (86.7%). Significant relationship existed between how often farmers get cashew market information and their marketing channels; r=-0.194, p= 0.033. Multiple marketing channels did not translate to higher frequency of sourcing information about cashew nuts. This was due to farmers' inability to get market information before sales. In conclusion, most farmers obtained low prices from the sale of raw cashew nuts to local buyers. This does not ensure sustainable development of cashew sub-sector because of poor remuneration and information gap.
2023
Nigeria was ranked the second largest producer of cashew after Vietnam. Ogbomoso North Local Government, Oyo State has a thriving domestic cashew nut trade but despite this, cashew nut marketers face pervasive income poverty, necessitating an in-depth investigation into the root causes. This study therefore focused on the economic analysis of poverty among cashew nut marketers in Ogbomosho north local government area of Oyo state, Nigeria. Primary data were collected and descriptive statistics, Gross Margin Analysis, Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR), Two-Third of the Mean Per Capital Household Expenditure approach as well as Logistic regression analysis were employed to analyze the data collected. The result revealed that majority of the cashew nut marketers (48.50%) were between the age range of 36 and 50 years, 43.40 percent of them had secondary school education and 40.40 percent had 11-20 years of cashew nut marketing experience. The result further showed that cashew nut marketing is profitable in the study area with the average total revenue, average gross margin, average profit and BCR of ₦61,022,881.31; ₦7,421,099.545; ₦6,495,495.505 and 1.12. Also, total fixed cost and age of the respondents significantly influenced their poverty status while poor marketing information, finance constraints, transportation issues, storage difficulties, and seasonality of the supply/demand among others were also identified as prevalent concerns of cashew nut marketing in the study area. The study therefore recommended cost reduction strategies, proper drying of the cashew nuts, government intervention in market price stabilization, and financial support for the cashew nut marketers.
The Behavior and Performance of Cashew Market in South Buton Regency, Indonesia
2020
Some of the major problems in cashew marketing performance are low production, inefficient marketing system and low income received by farmers. In addition, farmer with a low bargaining position will only receive prices from market players in the midst of increasing demand and competition in the market. The aim of this study is to examine the behavior and performance of the cashew market in South Buton Regency, Indonesia. Furthermore, the marketing channels, margins, costs and benefits received by each agency were used to analyze the technical and economic efficiency. In addition, random and snowball sampling techniques were applied to determine the farmers and traders, respectively. The results showed that the behavior of market price was based on the cost analysis, supply and demand, as well as the expected benefit. Meanwhile, the transactions were made partially (initial payment before and after the products were sold) and some in cash. The market players were unique in providing...
Creating Sustainable Income through the Cashew Nuts Value Chain (Evidence from Ghana)
2021
The study assessed the actors along the Cashew value chain and their influence in making the income derived from cashew sustainable. Primary data for the study were collected from 210 actors using a structured questionnaire. The gross margin and the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) were used to determine the revenue margin and market competitiveness (concentration) among the various actors along the cashew value chain. The results revealed that most of the actors were male and had between 6-10 years of experience in cashew production. Also, the actors’ resort to loans in financing their operations was an interest rate of 24%. Producers had the lowest net margin on revenue of 16.95%, and they indicated that fluctuation in pricing and bushfires were challenges faced in production. Purchasing clerks pointed out that inadequate storage facilities and the high cost of transportation were their challenges. Moreover, processors indicated that lack of government support, high interest on lo...
Profitability and structural analysis of cashew nut market in Oyo State, Nigeria
This study analyzed the structure of cashew nut market and profitability of the enterprise in Oyo State of Nigeria. The specific objectives were to examine the socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents, investigate the marketing activities, analyze the cost and returns associated with cashew nut marketing, examine the structure of cashew nut market and identify challenges faced by cashew nut marketers in the study area. Respondents were selected based on multistage sampling technique. Data were collected from two hundred and forty respondents with the aid of a structured interview schedule. The data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical tools. The study showed that the average age of cashew nut marketers in the study area was 40.53years, 91.7% of the cashew nut marketers were male, average number of years spent in school was 14.07years. On the average, respondents claimed 10.28 years of cashew nut marketing experience. The result also showed that the major challenge to the enterprise is market price fluctuation. Cashew nut marketing enterprise was found to be profitable with gross margin of N 53,168.31 per ton of cashew nut transacted and benefit cost ratio (BCR) of 2.01. Market structure analysis suggests that the market does not operate in a perfectly competitive atmosphere in the study area. The study recommended that cashew nut marketers should form registered trade union through which a solution could be sought to the challenge of market price fluctuation in the study area.
International journal of innovation and scientific research, 2016
This paper investigates the determinants of the economic profitability of cashew nuts marketing in North-Eastern Benin. The study was conducted in the municipality of Tchaourou by using survey methods on respondents randomly selected from different categories of actors interacting on the market. Primary data were collected with respect to the marketing year 2013-2014 on up to 160 cashew nut traders such as 91 collectors, 25 retailers, 31 semi-wholesalers and 13 wholesalers. The methodological approach used was based on the paradigm Structure-Conduct-Performance (SCP). As a result, four types of marketing systems of cashew nuts were identified in the municipality of Tchaourou. The analysis of the net margins showed that the cashew nuts marketing in Tchaourou generates average net margins of about 9.08fcfa/Kg for the collectors; 13.12 fcfa/Kg for the retailers, 10.56 fcfa/Kg for the semi-wholesalers and 21.16 fcfa/Kg of cashew nut for the wholesalers.The test of ANOVA highlighted a si...
Socio Economic Variables of Cashew Farmers in Oyo State, Nigeria
International Journal of Business Marketing and Management, 2021
The study assessed the socio economic variables of cashew farmers in Oyo State. Two towns within Ibarapa East Local Government Area (Temidire and Eruwa) were purposively sampled. These areas are known for the cultivation, production and marketing of this crop. A total sampling frame of fifty-six respondents was used. Structured interview schedules were used for data collection. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency and percentages). Age, educational level, farm size, household size, gender, membership of association, and payment of tax constituted major socio economic variables influencing cashew farming in the study area. Adult literacy programme should be encouraged and introduced to the study area to increase the educational level of farmers. In addition, farmers should be given incentives to increase their farm holdings for higher productivity. Farmers that are members of association should be encouraged to participate more as this will go a long way in price determination for increased profit and access to trainings on improved production packages.
ASSESSMENT OF CASHEW NUT VALUE CHAIN IN KOGI STATE, NIGERIA
Cashew nut value chain in Kogi State was examined in this study. Sample size of 200 respondents were selected using multistage sampling technique. Structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results showed that 82.1% of the farmers, 80.0% of the marketers and 56.7% of the processors were males. The average age was 50 years, 53 years, and 47 years among farmers, marketers, and processors, respectively. The results further showed that 42.1% of the sell directly to the agent/wholesalers on the farm site; 66.7% of the marketers sourced for cashew nuts from the farmers or processors as kernels and sold to consumers who may also be processors in the value chain; while 63.3% of the soured for inputs from marketers. Production (85.7%) and marketing (58.6%) were the major entrepreneurial opportunities among the farmers; the marketers rated input sources (86.7%), marketing (80%) and end buyers as major opportunities; while processors' major entrepreneurial activity was processing (76.7%). Based on the findings in this study, it can be concluded that farmers, marketers and processors will perform well given adequate production, marketing and processing inputs respectively. It is recommended that more farmers, processors, and marketers, should be encouraged to engage in cashew nut value addition activities at all levels in the chain value. This can be achieved through intensified awareness among relevant actors within the value chain.