Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring cell death in higher eukaryotes (original) (raw)
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International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review, 2019
Discussions about what is life continue to struggle; there are pros and cons for whether a virus is alive. However, an opposite thing – cell death – appears to be tantamount important and equally not-easygoing to define. Nevertheless, our current knowledge about eukaryotic cell death has made a long way and resulted in a fruitful outcome: starting from three types of cell death (type I, II and III which are mainly applicable to eukaryotic cells of organisms from the biological kingdom animalia) in 1970s, Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death has named already twelve cell death forms in 2018, including the above mentioned apoptosis, autophagy and necrosis among them. How the scientific attitude towards cellular demise evolved and various aspects of different cell death modes are reviewed in this article.
Cell Death: History and Future
Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 2008
Cell death was observed and understood since the 19th century, but there was no experimental examination until the mid-20th century. Beginning in the 1960s, several laboratories demonstrated that cell death was biologically controlled (programmed) and that the morphology was common and not readily explained (apoptosis). By 1990, the genetic basis of programmed cell death had been established, and the first components of the cell death machinery (caspase 3, bcl-2, and Fas) had been identified, sequenced, and recognized as highly conserved in evolution. The rapid development of the field has given us substantial understanding of how cell death is achieved. However, this knowledge has made it possible for us to understand that there are multiple pathways to death and that the commitment to die is not the same as execution. A cell that has passed the commitment stage but is blocked from undergoing apoptosis will die by another route. We still must learn much more about how a cell commits to death and what makes it choose a path to die.
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One of the vital aspects of a cell is cell death to continue their normal cell turnover, propagation, proper development, and the maintenance of the immune system. Cell death is an essential process in the body as it promotes the removal of unwanted cells. It is the programmed culling of cells in entire eukaryotic development processes to survive and progress for the next generation. Molecular aberration in the process of apoptosis may have pathological manifestations, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, autoimmune disease, and ischemic damage. Classically, cell death is categorized primarily into four different types: apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis, and entosis; depending on cellular and molecular signatures governing the pathway involved. The purpose of this review is to compare and contrast the recent literature on cell death and to familiarize with the current state of knowledge on this topic. In summary, the hallmarks of various modes of cell death are thoroughly explained along with the other types of cell death such as ferroptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, and lysosomal-dependent cell death.
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Cell death plays a crucial role for a myriad of physiological processes, and several human diseases such as cancer are characterized by its deregulation. There are many methods available for both quantifying and qualifying the accurate process of cell death which occurs. Choosing the right assay tool is essential to generate meaningful data, provide sufficient information for clinical applications, and understand cell death processes. In vitro cell death assays are important steps in the search for new therapies against cancer as the ultimate goal remains the elaboration of drugs that interfere with specific cell death mechanisms. However, choosing a cell viability or cytotoxicity assay among the many available options is a daunting task. Indeed, cell death can be approached by several viewpoints and require a more holistic approach. This review provides an overview of cell death assays usually used in vitro for assessing cell death so as to elaborate new potential chemotherapeutics...
Determination of apoptotic and necrotic cell death in vitro and in vivo
Methods, 2013
a b s t r a c t 24 Cell death research during the last decades has revealed many molecular signaling cascades, often leading 25 to distinct cell death modalities followed by immune responses. For historical reasons, the prototypic and 26 best characterized cell death modes are apoptosis and necrosis (dubbed necroptosis, to indicate that it is 27 regulated). There is mounting evidence for the interplay between cell death modalities and their redun-28 dant action when one of them is interfered with. This increase in cell death research points to the need for 29 characterizing cell death pathways by different approaches at the biochemical, cellular and if possible, 30 physiological level. In this review we present a selection of techniques to detect cell death and to distin-31 guish necrosis from apoptosis. The distinction should be based on pharmacologic and transgenic 32 approaches in combination with several biochemical and morphological criteria. A particular problem 33 in defining necrosis is that in the absence of phagocytosis, apoptotic cells become secondary necrotic 34 and develop morphologic and biochemical features of primary necrosis.
In vitro assays for cell death determination
Archive of oncology, 2008
In this paper, we focused on commonly used in vitro assays for estimation of cell death: morphological analyses of cell death, cytotoxic assays based on enzymes activity determination, flow cytometry, and western blot techniques. We discussed advantages and disadvantages of several assays used in the modern research for estimation of cell death.
Types of Cell Death from a Molecular Perspective
Biology
The former conventional belief was that cell death resulted from either apoptosis or necrosis; however, in recent years, different pathways through which a cell can undergo cell death have been discovered. Various types of cell death are distinguished by specific morphological alterations in the cell’s structure, coupled with numerous biological activation processes. Various diseases, such as cancers, can occur due to the accumulation of damaged cells in the body caused by the dysregulation and failure of cell death. Thus, comprehending these cell death pathways is crucial for formulating effective therapeutic strategies. We focused on providing a comprehensive overview of the existing literature pertaining to various forms of cell death, encompassing apoptosis, anoikis, pyroptosis, NETosis, ferroptosis, autophagy, entosis, methuosis, paraptosis, mitoptosis, parthanatos, necroptosis, and necrosis.
Cell death pathology: Perspective for human diseases
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 2011
Apoptosis, a genetically regulated form of cell death with distinct biochemical and morphological features, plays a relevant physiological and pathological role in the organism, being pivotal in the maintenance of tissue development and homeostasis in the adult as well as in the regulation of immune responses. Deregulation of this process causes several human disorders including cancer, autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, modulation of the apoptotic process and of cell death in general, is a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of several human pathologies.
Cell Death and Differentiation, 2012
proposed a set of recommendations for the definition of distinct cell death morphologies and for the appropriate use of cell death-related terminology, including 'apoptosis', 'necrosis' and 'mitotic catastrophe'. In view of the substantial progress in the biochemical and genetic exploration of cell death, time has come to switch from morphological to molecular definitions of cell death modalities. Here we propose a functional classification of cell death subroutines that applies to both in vitro and in vivo settings and includes extrinsic apoptosis, caspase-dependent or -independent intrinsic apoptosis, regulated necrosis, autophagic cell death and mitotic catastrophe. Moreover, we discuss the utility of expressions indicating additional cell death modalities. On the basis of the new, revised NCCD classification, cell death subroutines are defined by a series of precise, measurable biochemical features.