On the unit UŠ = šuššān (original) (raw)

An Ancient Liberty: The Imperial Inch and its Relation to the Metre (Revised)

2023

The metre was designed by French revolutionaries to provide the basis for a new universal measure and initially represented a fraction of the earth’s polar circumference. It was never adopted in the UK or the USA, where the imperial system is still used, also based on the earth’s size. While it seems the two systems are quite different, they could in fact be as old as each other, and the various historical ratios between the metric and imperial systems of measure point to potentially significant relationships between them, as well as with other ancient units of measure. The imperial yard was eventually recalibrated in relation to the metre, allowing a 10,000 / 254 value for the metre in inches. Previous to that, various ratios between the two systems had existed, including an unofficial 39.375 inch value for the metre. The metre, or a variation on it, may be an old unit, designed to co-exist with the imperial yard, foot, and inch, in order to convey, symbolically, properties of the sun and moon, which the current ratio seems to provide.

An Ancient Liberty: The Imperial System and its Relation to the Metre

2022

The metre was designed by French revolutionaries to provide the basis for a new universal measure and initially represented a fraction of the earth’s polar circumference. It was never adopted in the UK or the USA, where the imperial system is still used, also based on the earth’s size. While it seems the two systems are quite different, they could in fact be as old as each other, and the various historical ratios between the metric and imperial systems of measure point to potentially significant relationships between them, as well as with other ancient units of measure. The imperial yard was eventually recalibrated in relation to the metre, allowing a 10,000 / 254 value for the metre in inches. Previous to that, various ratios between the two systems had existed, including an unofficial 39.375 inch value for the metre. The metre, or a variation on it, may be an old unit, designed to co-exist with the imperial yard, foot, and inch, in order to convey, symbolically but covertly, properties of the sun and moon, which the current ratio seems to provide.

Survival of Ancient Metric units into Modern Historic Usage. Pt. 5

In the past four paper installments on this series, I have presented key concepts as to how certain ancient culture's metrologic units were established. This paper will provide additional proofs and reinforcements that preserved stable and recoverable metrologic units that had been utilized by countless generations up until the present day. Foundational to this stability can be found in the use of modern grain weight units that are fixed to linear and volumetric units. I have determined that a fixed grain weight of Water volume of 252 modern grains was used to establish a basic cubic as well as linear Inch of modern usage thousands of years ago. The stability of using the common substance of Water lies in the fact it is essentially incompressible. It can expand in volume from its densest temperature at 4C degrees, but at a fixed temperature it remains stable in volume. At its densest temperature a cubic inch of water weighs 252.8868grs. At 80 F. or 26.66C, its weight is 252 grains per cubic inch due to the expansion of water with higher temperature.. Modern metrologic researchers studying units of early civilizations using the modern Metric system units, tend to perform calculation measurements based on Water at the densest value, which thereby distorts measurements that involve units of both weights and volumes of the past when those variables were connected. It is fine to use the modern Metric system to perform calculations of either weight or volumes separately but not combined. The modern Metric system's basic unit of both weight and volume or cubic centimeter is the gram and fractions of that unit decimally stated. This system is unfortunately numerically detached from all other ancient units of the past however. It requires conversion formulas which I find annoyingly inconvenient to known ancient metric units that used the grain as the fundamental unit of weight in particular. The basic formula for converting grams to grains is 7000 gr. Avoirdupois Lb. divided by 453.6 = 15.43209877 grains per cubic centimeter gram weight.

Survival of Ancient Metric Units from past Civilizations to Modern Historic Usage

Recently I recieved a pleasant shock after reading an old copy of a 1911 ed. Encyclopedia Britannica entry entitled "Weights and Measures" found online here: <https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911\_Encyclop%C3%A6dia\_Britannica/Weights\_an d_Measures> In a section pertaining to old abolished units was this reference: <English Weights and Measures Abolished.-The yard and handful, or 40 in. ell, abolished in 1439. The yard and inch, or 37 in. ell (cloth measure), ＝ abolished after 1553; known later as the Scotch ell 37•06. Cloth ell of 45 ＝ in., used till 1600. The yard of Henry VII, 35•963 in. Saxon moneyers pound, or Tower pound, 5400 grains, abolished in 1527. Mark, 2/3 ＝ pound 3600 grains. Troy pound in use in 1415, established as monetary pound 1527. Troy weight was abolished, from the 1st of January 1879. by the Weights and Measures Act 1878. with the exception only of the Troy ounce, its decimal parts and multiples, legalized in 1853, 16 Vict. c. 29, to be used for the sale of gold and silver articles, platinum and precious stones. Merchant's pound, in 1270 established for all except gold, silver and ＝ medicines 6750 grains, generally superseded by avoirdupois in 1303. Merchant's pound of 7200 grains, from France and Germany, also superseded. ("Avoirdepois" occurs in 1336, and has been thence continued: the ＝ Elizabethan standard was probably 7002 grains.) Ale gallon of 1601 282 cub. ＝ in., and wine gallon of 1707 231 cub. in., both abolished in 1824. Winchester corn bushel of 8 × 268•8 cub. in. and gallon of 274.1/4 are the oldest examples known (Henry VII.

The Unit of Time and the Mesoamerican Calendar

Human Evolution, 2020

A hypothetical rational process of establishing a unit of time with a meaningful connection to both, the length of the day and that of the tropic year, would lead to a natural candidate which represents the average error per year in a cycle of 365,2422 x 128 = 46751.0016 days, that is: 0.0016/128 = 1/80,000. However, if we multiply that unit by the number 1.08 we obtain: 80,000 x 1.08 = 86,400, that is the actual unit of time. The odds are that such a process was done by an ancient unknown civilisation which influenced on one side the Eurasian continent, where the second and a trigonometric system on base 60 were adopted and the number 108 and its multiples and submultiples (54, 108, 216, 432, 86400 etc) represent the scientific, mythological and sacred numerology of all ancient civilisations. On the other side central America, where a numerical system on base 20 was adopted and a calendar based on the cycle of 128 years. It can be demonstrated that it belongs to a family of 18 calendars, characterised by an ever rolling week and an auxiliary year which together with the solar year are submultiples of an auxiliary century. There are precise relations between all these units, allowing to design astronomical “clocks” with the same characteristics of the central American calendar for whatever length of the week.