Anxiety Level Moderates the Acute Impact of Light and Moderate Intensity Aerobic Exercise on Working Memory (original) (raw)
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PLOS ONE
Many studies have shown that aerobic exercise improves cognitive function and maintains brain health. In particular, moderate-intensity exercise is effective for improving cognitive performance. However, there is no strong consensus on whether a single exercise session improves working memory (WM) function, as it does inhibitory function. It is possible that these discrepancies involve inter-individual differences in WM function. Therefore, we investigated whether acute mild and moderate aerobic exercise improve WM, and whether there exist inter-individual differences in improvements in WM. Thirty healthy subjects were recruited and participated in three experimental conditions (control, mild-intensity exercise, and moderate-intensity exercise). Subjects performed 10 min of exercise on a cycle ergometer with an individualized load. Their pedaling rate was maintained at 60 rpm. In the control condition, subjects rested on the cycle ergometer instead of performing exercise. The Nback task (2-back and 0-back task) was performed to assess WM function before, 5 min, and 15 min after the 10-min exercise session. In this study, to elucidate the effect of an acute bout of mild or moderate exercise on WM, the "2-back-0-back" contrast, which is assumed to represent WM function, was calculated. The Two-Dimensional Mood Scale was adopted to measure changes in psychological mood states efficiently. The results revealed that working memory function was not improved by acute mild or moderate exercise. However, baseline working memory function was significantly associated with any change in working memory function following exercise, and this was independent of exercise intensity. Subjects with the lowest working memory function at baseline responded the most favorably. The results revealed that improvements in working memory function after a single session of aerobic exercise depend on baseline working memory function.
The effects of aerobic and resistance exercise on state anxiety and cognitive function
Science & Sports, 2019
Background.-There is a paucity of data directly comparing the effects of aerobic versus resistance exercise within a single cohort. Objective.-The study aimed to investigate the effects of an acute bout of aerobic and resistance exercise on state anxiety and cognitive function. Equipment and methods.-Participants completed three laboratory visits randomized between aerobic exercise (cycling at a self-selected intensity), resistance exercise (three sets; 10 repetitions; six exercises), and a control condition (seated rest). State anxiety and cognitive function were assessed before and after each condition. Results.-Reductions in state anxiety that approached significance were seen immediately following aerobic exercise yet were non-significant in the resistance and control conditions. Cognitive function significantly improved following aerobic exercise yet this was not evident in the resistance or control conditions. Conclusion.-Acute aerobic exercise at a self-selected intensity may be an effective way of reducing state anxiety and improving cognitive function, when compared to seated rest or resistance training.
The aim of this research was to investigate the implicit and explicit cognitive processes during and after the cessation of the aerobic acute exercises with different intensities in individuals with different working memory capacity (WMC) based on the transient hypofrontality thesis. Participants consist of 60 males (30 high WMC and 30 low WMC) with moderate level of physical fitness (age: 20.82 ± 2.2; VO2max = 49.33 ± 6 ml. kg. min) by different cycling intensities (80-90%, 60-70% and 40-50% maximum heart rate) and WMC were divided randomly to six groups of 10 people . Implicit (choice reaction time) and explicit (stroop) cognitive tests were administered in four different times before, during, 1 and 15 minute after the cessation of the exercise. Results of ANOVA through repeated measures and between groups factor revealed the main effect of time was significant for the implicit cognitive process (p<0.05). Main effects of the time and group interactions were significant in explicit cognitive process (p<0.05). Based on the Bonferroni correction, there was a significant difference between high and low intensity groups (more interference in high intensity group) (p<0.05) but there was no difference between the individuals with high and low WMC in the same intensities. The results of this research showed that the transient hypofrontality occurs during high intensity aerobic acute exercise and WMC has no effects on the emergence of this temporary change.
The Effect of Acute Aerobic and Resistance Exercise on Working Memory
PONTIFEX, M. B., C. H. HILLMAN, B. FERNHALL, K. M. THOMPSON, and T. A. VALENTINI. The Effect of Acute Aerobic and Resistance Exercise on Working Memory. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 927-934, 2009. Purpose: The goal of this investigation was to assess the influence of acute bouts of aerobic versus resistance exercise on the executive control of working memory. Methods: Twenty-one young adult participants completed a cardiorespiratory fitness test and maximal strength tests. On subsequent days, task performance measures of reaction time (RT) and accuracy were collected while participants completed a modified Sternberg working memory task before the start of, immediately after, and 30 min after an intervention consisting of 30 min of either resistance or aerobic exercise and a seated rest control. Results: Findings indicated shorter RT immediately and 30 min after acute aerobic exercise relative to the preexercise baseline with no such effects observed after resistance exercise or seated rest. Further, in the aerobic condition, a larger reduction in RT from the baseline occurred during task conditions requiring increased working memory capacity. Again, no effect was observed in the resistance exercise or the seated rest conditions. Conclusion: These data extend the current knowledge base by indicating that acute exercise-induced changes in cognition are disproportionately related to executive control and may be specific to the aerobic exercise domain.
Cognitive behaviour therapy, 2015
The purpose of this study was to compare the relative effects of a single bout of aerobic exercise versus resistance training on cognitive vulnerabilities for anxiety disorders. Seventy-seven participants (60% female; 84% Caucasian) were randomized to complete 20 min of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, resistance training, or rest, followed by a 35% CO2/65% O2 inhalation challenge task. Results indicated that aerobic exercise and resistance training were significantly and equally effective in reducing anxiety sensitivity (AS) compared with rest ([Formula: see text]), though only aerobic exercise significantly attenuated reactivity to the CO2 challenge task. Neither form of exercise generated observable effects on distress tolerance, discomfort intolerance, or state anxiety (all ps>.10). The results of this study are discussed with regard to their implications for the use of exercise interventions for anxiety and related forms of psychopathology, and potential directions for f...
Scientific Reports
Aerobic and resistance exercise acutely increase cognitive performance (CP). High-intensity functional training (HIFT) combines the characteristics of both regimes but its effect on CP is unclear. Thirty-five healthy individuals (26.7 ± 3.6 years, 18 females) were randomly allocated to three groups. The first (HIFT) performed a functional whole-body workout at maximal effort and in circuit format, while a second walked at 60% of the heart rate reserve (WALK). The third group remained physically inactive reading a book (CON). Before and after the 15-min intervention period, CP was assessed with the Stroop Test, Trail Making Test and Digit Span Test. Repeated-measures ANOVAs and post-hoc 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were used to detect time/group differences. A significant group*time interaction was found for the backwards condition of the Digit Span Test (p = 0.04) and according to the 95% CI, HIFT was superior to WALK and CON. Analysis of the sum score of the Digit Span Test an...
Moderate intensity exercise facilitates working memory
Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2013
Objectives: Although the effect of exercise on cognitive functioning has received considerable empirical and theoretical attention, the influence of concurrent exercise on complex cognitive function remains poorly understood. Our research was designed to investigate working memory during a bout of dynamic exercise. Design: An experimental design was used. Methods: In two experiments, we examined the impact of moderate intensity exercise on performance of a paced auditory serial addition task (Experiment 1, N ¼ 24) and a Sternberg task (Experiment 2, N ¼ 120). The tasks were performed at rest and while cycling at different power outputs. Results: We found that moderate intensity exercise increased the number of correct responses at medium-to-fast stimulus presentation rates during the paced auditory serial addition task and lowered the response latency slopes during the Sternberg task. Conclusions: Our findings show that working memory is improved by dynamic exercise at moderate intensities and short duration.
The Effect of Single Bout of Acute Exercise on Working Memory Performance
Birat Journal of Health Sciences, 2018
Introduction: Working memory is a kind of short term memory important for reasoning and guiding decision-making and behavioral process.Objective: The goal of the present research was to study the outcome of single bout of acute moderate-intensity exercise on working memory.Methodology: Twenty two male subjects were asked to perform working memory task by 2n back task in baseline resting, immediately after exercise and after five minute of exercise session. 3 minute step test procedure was used as a moderate intensity exercise intervention.Results: The percentage correctness of 2n back task of working memory was found to be 64.36% for baseline resting condition, 78.01 % for immediately after 3-minute step test and 80.70% for 5 minute after the exercise. In both exercise session (i.e. immediately after exercise and after 5 minute of exercise), significant improvement (p value <0.05) in working memory was seen as compared to the baseline resting session while no such significant ben...
Exercise and Its Relation to Students’ Working Memory- a Preliminary Study
2020
The practice of cardiovascular exercise triggers a cascade of neurobiological mechanisms that enhancing human memory processing. The objective of this study was to understand the relationship of acute, moderate-intensity exercise to working memory (WM) performance by using N-back task as a performance measure. In a within-participants design, UiTM students aged between 19 to 24 years old, females (n = 25) performed a N-back task to assess working memory before and 5-minutes immediately after the following interventions: 1) a rest-cognition intervention, in which they performed a cognitive task without exercising; 2) an exercise-cognition intervention, in which they exercised performed a cognitive task 5-minutes immediately after the task. 8 subjects had increment in N-back load compared to before exercise,11 had similar N-back load performance. The exercise-only intervention resulted in increment pattern of hit rate and decreased reaction times, suggesting that simple aerobic exerc...
Perceptual and Motor Skills, 2014
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of acute aerobic and strength exercises on selected executive functions. A counterbalanced, crossover, randomized trial was performed. Forty-two healthy women were randomly submitted to three different conditions: (1) aerobic exercise, (2) strength exercise, and control condition. Before and after each condition, executive functions were measured by the Stroop Test and the Trail Making Test. Following the aerobic and strength sessions, the time to complete the Stroop "non-color word" and "color word" condition was lower when compared with that of the control session. The performance in the Trail Making Test was unchanged. In conclusion, both acute aerobic and strength exercises improve the executive functions. Nevertheless, this positive effect seems to be task and executive function dependent.