Sound and feeling: Musical training moderates the association between adult ADHD and emotion regulation (original) (raw)
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Effects of Music on Emotion regulation
Objective. To this day music and its use for emotion regulation processes, remains an unresolved question. Multiple experimental layouts encompassing everyday and clinical applications of music across different cultures and continents have shown its potential as a self-regulative tool. Design. A literature search was conducted for the timeframe 2001-2012 across the data bases CINAHL, EMBASE, PubMED, PsychINFO, The Cochrane Library, Eric, Psychology and behavioral science collection, SpringerLink, google scholar, picarta, Web of Science, Science Direct, DARE, Worldcat, and handsearch. Inclusion criteria encompassed youth/adolescents from 10 to 29, including healthy as well- as clinical populations. Music intervention and emotion regulation measures were viewed and included only when at least some form of music participation (singing, playing, listening, engagement) was noted in the study and effects on emotion regulation were (in)directly measured. Results. The search yielded that music has a ’self regulative potential’ and is viewed as a very individual, but by some researchers cross-culturally, accepted therapeutic tool. Recent studies demonstrate the effects of music on emotionally evoked processes but music interventions for specific emotion regulation purposes are restricted in its application. Conclusion. This review presents studies about the effects of music on emotion regulation and revealed the individual applications of music for personal use, promoting self regulative skills for positive adjustment. It detected 1) insufficient adequate (clinical) studies about the purposeful application of music for emotion regulation, and 2) insufficient applied music interventions, like listening, singing, playing in academically studies. Keywords: ‘music’, ‘emotion’, ‘emotion regulation’, ‘psychopathology’, ‘mental health’, ‘systematic review’.
Personality and Individual Differences, 2017
This experimental study examined if emotional experience can be manipulated by applying an emotion regulation strategy during music listening and if individual differences in effects of strategies can be explained by person characteristics. Adults (N = 466) completed questionnaires and rated emotions. They were randomly assigned to a condition, in which they applied an emotion regulation strategy (suppression, enhancement, neutral) when listening to a music fragment. Next, participants rated emotions again. MANCOVA showed that individuals who applied enhancement experienced the strongest increase in emotion intensity. Age, neuroticism, extraversion, and positive trait affect predicted individual differences in effects of enhancement and suppression, e.g., especially more neurotic and introverted individuals experienced increased emotion intensity when applying enhancement. This study shows that emotional experience can be intensified by music listening, which can be facilitated by applying enhancement. Applying an emotion regulation strategy during music listening seems especially effective when it matches person characteristics.
Effects of Music on Emotion Regulation: A Systematic Literature Review
2013
Music and its use for emotion regulation processes, to this day remains an unresolved question. Multiple experimental layouts encompassing its daily life use and clinical applications across different cultures and con-tinents have preserved music as a self-regulative tool. Therefore it is seen as a very individual but by some re-searchers cross-culturally, accepted therapeutic tool. Large amounts of recent studies demonstrate the effects of music on emotion and emotionally evoked processes. A thorough literature search was conducted across the data bases for the timeframe from January 2001 to July 2012; CINAHL, EMBASE, PubMED, PsychINFO, The Cochrane Library, Eric, Psychology and behavioral science collection, SpringerLink, google scholar, picar-ta, Web of Science, Science Direct, DARE,Worldcat, and handsearch. Inclusion criteria encompassed youth/adolescents from 10 to 29, including healthy as well-as clinical populations. Music intervention and emotion regulation measures were vie...
Psychology of Music, 2014
Three experiments assessed the hypothesis that cognitive benefits associated with exposure to music only occur when the perceived emotion expression of the music and the participant’s affective state match. Experiment 1 revealed an affect-matching pattern modulated by gender when assessing high-arousal states of opposite valence (happy/angry) in an adult sample (n = 94) in which mood classification was based on self-report, and affective valence in music was differentiated by mode and other expressive cues whilst keeping tempo constant (139 BPM). The affect-matching hypothesis was then tested in two experiments with children using a mood-induction procedure: Experiment 2 tested happy/angry emotions with, respectively, 3–5-year-old (n = 40) and 6–9-year-old (n = 40) children, and Experiment 3 compared happy/sad emotions (i.e., states differing both for valence and arousal profiles) with 3–5-year-old children (n = 40), using music pieces differentiated also by fast vs. slow tempo. Whi...
Music training and emotion comprehension in childhood
Emotion, 2012
Children and adults with music training score higher on tests of intellectual ability than their peers without training, but it is unclear whether music lessons are associated with social or emotional functioning. We examined whether music training in childhood is predictive of understanding emotions. We administered the Test of Emotion Comprehension (TEC) and a brief IQ test to musically trained and untrained 7-and 8-year-olds. Musically trained children scored higher on IQ and on the TEC even after accounting for demographic variables. Group differences in TEC scores disappeared, however, when IQ scores were held constant. These findings suggest that nonmusical associations with music training are limited to measures of intellectual ability and their correlates.
Music as a Regulator of Emotion: Three Case Studies
Music & Medicine, 2019
This study explores music in the reduction of negative affect and emotion. Focusing on musical behavior in emotion regulation as it relates to trauma, this study investigates three questions: How do conscientious music listening practices impact the regulation of affect and self-harming impulses in individuals who experience trauma, mental illness, or self-destructive behavior? What aspects of musical intensity help alleviate anger, pain, sadness, despair, hopelessness, or suicidal ideation? How do participants use varied listening strategies to modulate negative affect and emotions? Three case studies of two American females and one male aged 18-26 with history of a diagnosis of general anxiety disorder, borderline personality disorder, prior self-harm or suicidality, complex trauma, and PTSD are presented using a combined ethnographic approach, including survey administration, interviews, and phenomenological exploration. Through the review and thematic analysis of behavior in response to musical interaction both during and following traumatic life events, this study shows music is a successful tool for modulating overwhelming negative emotion, fostering hope and resilience, and circumventing self-destructive impulses. These results reveal potential for future research investigating the role of musical affect regulation in both trauma recovery and reducing self-destructive behavior.
Music and the Prevention and Amelioration of ADHD: A Theoretical Perspective
2009
Russell A. Barkley has argued that ADHD is fundamentally a disorientation in time. These notes explore the possibility that music, which requires and supports finely tuned temporal cognition, might play a role in ameliorating ADHD. The discussion ranges across cultural issues (grasshopper vs. ant, lower rate of diagnosis of ADHD among African-Americans), play, distribution of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, neural development, and genes in culture (studies of the distribution of alleles for dopamine receptors). Unfortunately, the literature on ADHD does not allow us to draw strong conclusions. We do not understand what causes ADHD nor do we understand how best to treat the condition. However, in view of the fact that ADHD does involve problems with temporal cognition, and that music does train one’s sense of timing, the use of music therapy as a way of ameliorating ADHD should be investigated. I also advocate conducting epidemiological studies about the relationship between dancing and music in childhood, especially in early childhood, and the incidence of ADHD.