Screening of Ethanol extract of Combretum racemosum and Euphorbia hirta leaves for possible activity on Trypanosoma brucei brucei infected mice (original) (raw)
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In vitro and in vivo trypanocidal activity of Combretum racemosum leaves
AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY, 2012
A study was conducted to determine the in vitro and in vivo trypanocidal activity of crude methanolic extract of Combretum racemosum leaves against Trypanosoma brucei brucei. The extract exhibited in vitro activity by immobilizing the trypanosomes and rendering them uninfective to mice at 125 to 0.2559 mg/ml. The extract also reduced parasitaemia and improved packed cell volume in infected mice at 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight when administered intraperitoneally. Intraperitoneal administration of diaminazene aceturate to infected mice completely cleared the parasites from the blood. In addition, intraperitoneal administration of the extract to mice at 2,000 mg /kg body weight did not result in deaths during the acute toxicity study. This study therefore provides evidence of the ethnopharmacological use of C. racemosum in trypanosomosis.
2017
The in vivo antitrypanosomal potentials of Combretum molle were investigated. The invivo activity of the fractions at (15mg/kg and 10mg/kg) were compared with standard diminazene aceturate (Diminal) at (3.5mg/Kg), both methanolic and aqueous fractions containing saponins and flavonoids respectively were also fractionated and used for intraperitoneal treatment of mice infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei federe strain. The Lethal Dose (LD50) were (28.98mg/kg) and (14.14mg/kg) respectively for both methanolic and aqueous crude extracts. The haematological profile showed a significant difference (t-test =9.116; p-value =0.001) between the pre-infection and post infection and treatment values of packed cell volume (PCV) of the infected mice. However, there was no significant difference in the values of neutrophils, lymphocytes as well as the total white blood cell (WBC) counts. The results showed that Combretum molle had mild in vivo activity, hence can serve as a promising candidate...
The prospect of immunization against the African trypanosomiasis appears remote due to it phenomenal antigenic variation. It is therefore necessary to search for new and more potent anti-trypanosomal compounds of natural origin to complement the existing synthetic anti-trypanosomal drugs that are gradually becoming less potent against the pathogenic trypanosomes. Andropgraphis paniculata; a medicinal plant in Asian has been tested in-vitro to has anti-trypanosomal activity. This study aimed at evaluating the prophylactic activity of aqueous and methanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata in Trypanosoma brucei brucei infected mice.Thirty six (36) male swiss mice of average weight 25g were group into six (6) groups of six (6) animals each. Group (A-D) were orally administered 5000mg/Kg of methanolic leaf, methanolic stem, aqueous leaf and aqueous stem extract of A. paniculata respectively while group E (infected) and F were the positive control and negative control group respectively. Animals were inoculated with 10 2 trypanosomes intraperitoneally after 10 days of extracts administration. The parasite growth, survival rate, rectal temperature, body weight, PCV and white blood cell differential count were monitored.High parasitic replication was observed in positive control group with 100% mortality on 10 th day post infection. Some treated mice survived beyond 17 days post infection with no appearance of parasite. Treatment with aqueous leaf extract has the highest survival rate (67%) and aqueous stem extract has the least rate (33%). The rectal temperature showed no significant difference (P<0.05) in all treated group when compared with negative control. Mean body weight of group A and D showed no significant difference (P<0.05) compared to negative control group while group B, C and positive control showed significant difference. Treated mice maintained stable PCV but there was reduction in negative control. Negative control group revealed increase in lymphocyte and monocyte count compared with positive control. No significant difference in monocyte and neutrophil count in the treated groups when compared with positive control (P<0.05). A. paniculata leaf and stem contain bioactive components that exhibited trypanocidal activity. The active principles can be isolated for the development of cheap, safe and effective drugs for the treatment and management of African trypanosomiasis.
The in vitro antitrypanosomal activity of Citrullus lanatus leaf aqueous extract and its effects on blood parameters of Trypanasoma brucei infected albino rats was investigated in this study. The plant extract showed in vitro activity against T. brucei at a minimum concentration of 0.0875 mg/ml. There was a positive correlation between extract concentration and parasitaemia clearance, with administration of the extract at 10 mg/ml concentration resulting in zero parasitaemia count. Thirty albino rats divided into six groups (A-F) of five rats each were used for the haematological study. Graded extract doses of 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg were administered orally to groups A, B, and C respectively following an establishment of parasitaemia of 4 × 10 6 two days post infection. Group D (Veriben ® −treated) was given a single dose of 3.5 mg/kg diminazine aceturate (Veriben ®) intramuscularly. Group E (Untreated) was not treated with any trypanocide but given 10 ml/kg of distilled water orally, while group F (Uninfected) were not infected with the parasites and did not receive any treatments. There was a significant (p<0.0001) decrease in mean packed cell volume (PCV) and red blood cell (RBC) counts of the infected and untreated group (E), when compared with the uninfected (F), and the infected but treated groups (A-D). The mean haemoglobin concentration was significantly (p<0.0001) higher in untreated uninfected and Veriben ® −treated albino rats compared with those treated with the extracts (A−C) and the untreated infected rats (E). White blood cell (WBC) counts increased significantly (p<0.0001) in the untreated infected group (E) compared with the uninfected (F), extract-treated (A−C) and Veriben ® −treated (D) groups. In conclusion, our investigation shows that the aqueous extract of C. lanatus leaf is toxic to T. brucei in vitro. However, in vivo studies are needed to demonstrate that it has any beneficial value in clearing parasites from infected animals.
Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2010
The in vitro trypanocidal activity of aqueous extracts of some selected medicinal plants used by local herdsmen in the treatment of various animal diseases in Sokoto State, Nigeria was conducted. Trypanosoma brucei brucei were cultured using 96 well micro titer plate and maintained at 37 0 C. About 20-25 parasites per microscope field were dosed with 1, 2 and 4mg/ml of aqueous extracts of the plants and a control group without extracts. After 5 minutes incubation in Eppendorf tubes maintained at 37 0 C, the parasites survived more than four (4) hours in the absence of extract/Berenil. At 4mg/ml of the extracts 0f Terminalia catappa, Waltheria indica, Cucurbita pepo, Entada abyssinica and Ximenia Americana, complete cessation of motility of T. brucei brucei within 60 minutes was observed. However, at 2mg/ml of Waltheria indica, trypanosome motility after 20 minutes was stopped but Terminalia catappa, and Ximenia americana were found to reduce trypanosome motility at 35 and 55 minutes respectively. Only Waltheria indica reduced trypanosome motility within 25 minutes at 1mg/ml concentration. Berenil, the standard drug, caused cessation of trypanosomal motility within 60 minutes even at 1mg/ml. From the results Waltheria indica was the most effective among the extracts when compared with Berenil, and may be a potential source of compounds with trypanocidal activity.
Experimental Parasitology, 2018
Aiming for discovering effective and harmless antitrypanosomal agents, 17 essential oils and nine major components were screened for their effects on T. b. brucei. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation from fresh plant material and analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The trypanocidal activity was assessed using blood stream trypomastigotes cultures of T. b. brucei and the colorimetric resazurin method. The MTT test was used to assess the cytotoxicity of essential oils on macrophage cells and Selectivity Indexes were calculated. Of the 17 essential oils screened three showed high trypanocidal activity (IC 50 < 10 µg/mL): Juniperus oxycedrus (IC 50 of 0.9 µg/mL), Cymbopogon citratus (IC 50 of 3.2 µg/mL) and Lavandula luisieri (IC 50 of 5.7 µg/mL). These oils had no cytotoxic effects on macrophage cells showing the highest values of Selectivity Index (63.4, 9.0 and 11.8, respectively). The oils of Distichoselinum tenuifolium, Lavandula viridis, Origanum virens, Seseli tortuosom, Syzygium aromaticum, and Thymbra capitata also exhibited activity (IC 50 of 10-25 µg/ml) but showed cytotoxicity on macrophages. Of the nine compounds tested, α-pinene (IC 50 of 2.9 µg/ml) and citral (IC 50 of 18.9 µg/mL) exhibited the highest anti-trypanosomal activities. Citral is likely the active component of C. citratus and α-pinene is responsible for the antitrypanosomal effects of J. oxycedrus. The present work leads us to propose the J. oxycedrus, C. citratus and L. luisieri oils as valuable sources of new molecules for African Sleeping Sickness treatment.
Morinda lucida (Rubiaceae) is a tropical plant commonly used in western Nigeria for the treatment of malaria. Aqueous extract of leaves of m.lucida was investigated for anti-trypanosomal activity using albino rats infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei. The haematological effects of the extract was also studied. Five groups comprising eight rats per group were infected with T. brucei brucei using 0.2 ml of donor blood corresponding to 3.6 x 10 parasites. Group 1 served as the control and received 10 ml/kg b.w of distilled water. Group 2 received 3.2 ml/kg b.w of diminazine aceturate (berenil), while groups 3, 4 and 5 were treated with 0.2 ml of extract corresponding to 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w of extract respectively starting from 24 hr post infection. Haematological parameters were determined after the rats were sacrificed on the 14th day post-infection. There was a significant dose-dependent reduction in parasite count, with 5.5 observed in dose of 400 mg/kg, followed by 10.5 and 22 for the 200 and 100 mg/kg b.w respectively as compared with the control value of 42.8 on 14th day post-infection. The red blood cell count and haemoglobin concentration were observed to be higher in the treated rats than in the control group. This study show that aqueous leave extract of m. lucida possesses trypanocidal properties and could be useful as a source of new trypanocidal agent from medicinal plants.
Evaluation of selected medicinal plants for their in vitro activity against trypanosomiasis
Trypanosomiasis, Surra, sleeping sickness, African lethargy is a parasitic disease of people and animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses and donkeys, caused by protozoa of the species Trypanosomabrucei and transmitted by the tsetse fly. The disease is characterized by severe anaemia, weight loss, reduced productivity, infertility and abortion, with death occurring in some animals during the acute phase of the disease. Off late, the parasite has gained resistance towards the conventional drugs. The vaccines currently used have low efficacy which lead to the development of alternative drugs. Natural drug from the plants are gaining popularity because of several advantages such as fewer side effect, better patient tolerance, relatively less expensive and its acceptance. Ethanol extracts of Punicagranatum and Catharanthusroseus and Ethyl acetate extracts of Ocimumtenuiflorum are tested for their potential in possessing the anti-trypanosomal activity. The extracts of these three plants were obtained through the solid-liquid extraction using a Soxhlet apparatus. Thus obtained extracts were concentrated in a rotary vacuum evaporator and used for the In vitro studies. In vitro testing of these three extracts in three different concentrations of 20 mg/ml, 10mg/ml and 2 mg/ml in 10% DMSO was carried out in duplicates in 96 well micro titre plates on the blood infected with Trypanosomaevansi by Rapid matching method. Punicagranatum extract of 20mg/ml concentration was found to be most effective showing maximum decline in the motility of trypanosomes. Thin Layer Chromatography, carried out to screen and determine the compounds present in each extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids and the bitter compounds.
Journal of Animal Health and Production
In the pastoral zone of Gaongho in Burkina Faso, the main disease of ruminants is the African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) which is very often controlled by herders with the aqueous extracts of five plants whose present study proposes to evaluate the potential trypanocidal activities. To this end, a parasitological field survey in ruminants was carried out followed by an in vitro trypanocidal test of five plant extracts using three concentrations (25, 50 and 100 mg / ml) in triplicate in comparison with negative (PBS) and positive (Veriben) controls in the laboratory. The field survey revealed an overall prevalence rate of 4.14% for trypanosomes, including 4.54% for cattle and sheep and 3.33% for goats, with no significant difference (P ˃ 0. 05) was recorded between the three ruminant species. Among the latter, the sex effect showed a significant difference in goats where males were more infested (P = 0.0015) than females. On the other hand, the age of the animals presented no significant difference (P = 0.8218) between the three species. All ruminants tested were more infested with Trypanosoma brucei brucei (66.67%) than T. congolense (33.33%). The in vitro test was conducted with aqueous extracts of five plants (Balanites aegyptiaca, Capparis sepiaria, Guiera senegalensis, Mitragyna inermis, and Vitellaria paradoxa) on Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Concentrations of 50 and 100 mg / ml of G. senegalensis leaf extracts and V. paradoxa bark caused high mortality of T. brucei brucei and were comparable to Veriben, the standard reference product. The results obtained with the extracts of G. senegalensis and V. paradoxa showed that these plantsmay be the potential source of trypanocidal drugs.