The Differences in the Flavan-3-ol and Procyanidin Contents of the Japanese ‘Fuji’ and ‘Orin’ Apples Using a Rapid Quantitative High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Method: Estimation of the Japanese Intake of Flavan-3-ols and Procyanidins from Apple as Case Study (original) (raw)
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Journal of chromatography. A, 2017
There is a lack of data for individual oligomeric procyanidins in apples and apple extracts. Our aim was to develop, validate and evaluate an analytical method for the separation, identification and quantification of monomeric and oligomeric flavanols in apple extracts. To achieve this, we prepared two types of flavanol extracts from freeze-dried apples; one was an epicatechin-rich extract containing ∼30% (w/w) monomeric (-)-epicatechin which also contained oligomeric procyanidins (Extract A), the second was an oligomeric procyanidin-rich extract depleted of epicatechin (Extract B). The parameters considered for method optimisation were HPLC columns and conditions, sample heating, mass of extract and dilution volumes. The performance characteristics considered for method validation included standard linearity, method sensitivity, precision and trueness. Eight laboratories participated in the method evaluation. Chromatographic separation of the analytes was best achieved utilizing a ...
Journal of Chromatography A, 2013
An innovative analytical approach based on the use of comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC x LC) is applied to obtain the profiling of phenolic compounds in different apple varieties. The method combines the use of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography in the first dimension and a reversed phase separation in the second dimension, as well as the use of diode array and mass spectrometry detection. Using this methodology is possible to obtain in less than 50 min the complete profiling of phenolic compounds in a complex food matrix such as apple. In fact, different flavan-3-ols including procyanidin oligomers with degree of polymerization up to 8, as well as several dihydrochalcones, flavonols and a phenolic acid are tentatively separated and identified in these samples in a single run. Besides, the total phenols and total procyanidins amounts were determined using two in-vitro assays. Reinette apples presented the highest content on total phenols (6.46 mg galic acid equivalents/g dry matter) whereas Granny Smith apples were the richest on total procyanidins (0.73 mg epicatechin equivalents/g dry matter). This work shows the great potential of LC x LC for phenolic compounds profiling in complex food samples.
Quantitation of Polyphenols in Different Apple Varieties
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2004
Forty-one apple samples, representing eight of the most widely cultivated varieties in western Europe, were collected in Trentino, Italy. Samples were extracted from fresh fruit with a mixture of acetone/ water to achieve a good extraction of polyphenols, including proanthocyanidin oligomers which were analyzed by normal-phase HPLC. Up to 20 compounds including catechin, epicatechin, B 2 procyanidin, hydroxycinnamates, flavonols, anthocyanins, and dihydrochalcones were analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC and LC-MS. Total polyphenol content was independently measured with an optimized Folin-Ciocalteu assay. The mean content of total polyphenols lay between 66.2 and 211.9 mg/100 g of FW depending on the variety. With chromatographic analysis, it was possible to explain the whole amount of total polyphenols measured by the FC assay. Flavanols (catechin and proanthocyanidins) are the major class of apple polyphenols (71-90%), followed by hydroxycinnamates (4-18%), flavonols (1-11%), dihydrochalcones (2-6%), and in red apples anthocyanins (1-3%).
Identification and Quantitation of Flavanols and Proanthocyanidins in Foods: How Good are the Datas?
Clinical and Developmental Immunology, 2005
Evidence suggesting that dietary polyphenols, flavanols, and proanthocyanidins in particular offer significant cardiovascular health benefits is rapidly increasing. Accordingly, reliable and accurate methods are needed to provide qualitative and quantitative food composition data necessary for high quality epidemiological and clinical research. Measurements for flavonoids and proanthocyanidins have employed a range of analytical techniques, with various colorimetric assays still being popular for estimating total polyphenolic content in foods and other biological samples despite advances made with more sophisticated analyses. More crudely, estimations of polyphenol content as well as antioxidant activity are also reported with values relating to radical scavenging activity. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is the method of choice for quantitative analysis of individual polyphenols such as flavanols and proanthocyanidins. Qualitative information regarding proanthocyanidi...
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2013
The monomeric flavan-3-ols catechin and epicatechin as well as procyanidins are of great interest due to their potential beneficial health effects observed in epidemiological studies. However, the occurrence and concentration of these compounds is not well-known due to the fact that reference compounds are not commercially available. In this study we determined the pattern and concentration of catechin, epicatechin, and different dimeric and trimeric procyanidins in 38 food samples (nuts, cereals, legumes) using a reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) approach based on isolated authentic reference compounds. Of the analyzed food samples 21 were found to contain dimeric and trimeric procyanidins and their monomeric building units catechin and epicatechin. Mainly the monitored nut samples contained the analyzed procyanidins as well as catechin and epicatechin whereas only 3 cereals were identified as sources of the analyzed compounds. The concentration ranged from 148 μg/100 g in macadamia nut to 55 mg/100 g in pinto bean. Catechin and procyanidin B3 were found to be the most abundant analytes. The only A-type procyanidin that could be identified was procyanidin A2, which was found in peanut. The achieved data could be used for authenticity control and furthermore in combination with dietary studies to calculate the daily intake of monomeric flavan-3-ols and procyanidins. To our knowledge this is the first detailed study quantifying monomeric flavan-3-ols and dimeric and trimeric procyanidins in various nuts, cereals, and legumes.
Journal of Functional Foods, 2019
The aim of this study was to investigate comprehensively the metabolic 27 pathways and human bioavailability of anthocyanins and other phenolic 28 compounds in apple matrix, and to elucidate potential intake biomarkers. After 29 the acute intake of a red-fleshed apple snack, plasma and urine were collected 30 and analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS. A total of 37 phase-II and microbial phenolic 31 metabolites were detected in plasma and urine. Among these, phloretin 32 glucuronide, cyanidin-3-O-galactoside (plasma and urine) and peonidin-3-O-33 galactoside (urine) were the only metabolites detected in all the volunteers and 34 not detected at basal conditions. The maximum urine excretion was detected at 35 2-4 h, and the main increase in plasma of phloretin glucuronide and cyanidin-3-36 O-galactoside was observed at 2h post-intake (61.0 6.82 and 10.3 1.50 nM, 37 respectively). These metabolites could be selected as the best intake 38 biomarkers of red-fleshed apple that might be useful in human intervention 39 studies when studying the bioactivity of red-fleshed apple.
Determination of A-type and B-type procyanidins in apple, cocoa and cinnamon extracts
Planta Medica, 2014
Determination of A-Type and B-Type Procyanidins in Apple, Cocoa and Cinnamon Extracts Overview Purpose: Develop robust methods to separate and quantify the major procyanidins in extracts from polyphenol-rich foods and spices. Use complimentary detectors to identify and measure minor components and impurities and to gain insight into their antioxidant behavior. Methods: Gradient HPLC and UHPLC with photodiode array detection, electrochemical array detection or charged aerosol detection. Results: Cinnamon, cocoa and crab apple were found to be rich in 15 procyanidins ranging in size from dimer to pentamer. Numerous minor components were detected at concentrations as low as 0.1% by peak area. The methods were sensitive and precise.
Food Analytical Methods, 2020
The analysis of selected phenolic compounds in dried apple pulps with pentafluorophenyl (PFP) reversed-phase HPLC-UV-FL is presented. Three new apple cultivars named Nicoter Kanzi®, Shinano Gold yello®, and the red-fleshed one Luresweet Redlove® grown in one site in South Tyrol (Italy) have been investigated and compared with cv. Golden Delicious. Phenolics belonging to different classes (hydroxybenzoic acids, flavan-3-ols, caffeoylquinic derivatives, flavonols, and dihydrochalcones) have been analyzed. Extraction with aqueous methanolic mixture yielded good analytical recovery. Luresweet Redlove® showed the highest content of quercetin-3-O-glucoside, gallic acid, and chlorogenic acid and the lowest content of catechins and procyanidins; on the other hand, Nicoter Kanzi® showed the lowest concentration of quercetin-3-O-glucoside. The analytical procedure described is an easy and affordable methodology to investigate other apple varieties from local cultivations, to study their phytochemical composition, and to determine their potential nutraceutical values. The content of phenolic compounds in the three apple varieties Nicoter Kanzi®, Shinano Gold yello®, and Luresweet Redlove® was reported for the first time.
Journal of Chemistry, 2014
A specific analytical procedure including sample preparation and HPLC analysis was developed and validated for the detection of phenolic compounds in the samples of different apples from popular Lithuanian cultivars “Aldas,” “Auksis,” “Ligol,” and “Šampion.” The conditions for phenol extraction were optimized: the solvent of the extraction was 70% (v/v) ethanol, and the extraction was performed in an ultrasound bath for 20 min at the temperature of 40°C. The HPLC mobile phase consisted of 2% (v/v) acetic acid in water and 100% (v/v) acetonitrile. Using the HPLC technique, 11 analytes were identified, and their specificity was confirmed: procyanidin B1, (+)-catechin, chlorogenic acid, procyanidin B2, (−)-epicatechin, rutin, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, avicularin, quercitrin, and phloridzin. Chlorogenic acid was the major component in “Aldas,” “Auksis,” and “Ligol” and procyanidin B2 in “Šampion.” Hyperoside and avicularin were the dominant compounds of all the identified quercetin der...
Characterization of monomeric and oligomeric flavan-3-ols from unripe almond fruits
Phytochemical Analysis, 1998
The flavan-3-ol composition of unripe sweet almond fruits (Prunus amygdalus) was analysed. Isolation of compounds was performed on a methanol extract of the fruit by gel chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 and then by preparative high pressure liquid chromatography. Identification of compounds was carried out by different kinds of hydrolyses. Two monomers, (+)-catechin and (Ϫ)-epicatechin, and 15 oligomeric procyanidins, (six dimers, seven trimers and two tetramers) were identified. Higher procyanidins present in the extract were estimated to have an average degree of polymerization of five by using a method based on hydrolysis in the presence of phloroglucinol. A tentative analysis was also carried out by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in order to explore the potential of this recently introduced technique for the analysis of proanthocyanidins. The results obtained permitted the confirmation of the identifications made by hydrolysis techniques and also the detection and pre-identification of other minor compounds as two possible A-type procyanidins. The possibility of resolving peaks of co-eluting compounds was shown as another interesting aspect offered by the LC-MS technique.