Cervical vertebrae of South Indian population (original) (raw)
Related papers
2022
Cervical vertebrae owing to their small size and complex anatomy pose a serious challenge for instrumentation during surgery and increase the risk of injury to the adjacent neurovascular structures. The aim of the study is to evaluate the linear measurements of the body, pedicle and foramen transversarium of C1 to C7 vertebrae and to correlate the data clinically. Methods: cervical vertebral morphometry will help to reduce the complications and improve the outcome of cervical spine surgeries.
Italian journal of anatomy and embryology, 2017
Knowledge about the dimensions of the vertebral elements is necessary for the development of instrumentation related to cervical spine. Ethnic variations have been reported in these dimensions. This study included 350 dry cervical vertebras (C3-C7) of unknown age and sex, collected from the department of Anatomy, Mahathma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry and other medical colleges in and around Puducherry. The dimensions of vertebral bodies, pedicles, laminae, spinous process, superior and inferior articular processes were measured and compared. No significant difference was noted between the measurements taken on the right and left side. The dimensions of the vertebral bodies were seen to be larger at lower levels. The larger dimensions of the pedicle were seen in C3 and thereafter decreased at lower levels. Height and length of lamina progressively increased from C3 to C7. The spinous process length was greatest at C7. The height of pedicle, superior and inferior articular processes decreased towards the lower cervical level.
Computed tomographic analysis of cervical spine pedicles in the adult Indian population
Surgical Neurology International, 2021
Background: Cervical pedicle screw insertion is a technically demanding procedure that carries the risk of catastrophic damage to surrounding neurovascular structures. Here, we analyzed computed tomography (CT)-based three-dimensional cervical spine pedicle geometry to determine the level and sex-specific morphologic differences in the adult Indian population. Methods: The CT scans of 200 patients (2400 pedicles) without significant cervical spine pathology were collected. The mean pedicle width (PW), pedicle height (PH), pedicle axial length (PAL), and pedicle transverse angle (PTA) from C2 to C7 were measured. Results: The smallest mean PW was at C3 in both males (4.85 ± 0.73 mm) and females (4.31 ± 0.43 mm); 7.08% of all pedicles were found to have mean PW of <4 mm. The smallest mean PH was at C5 in both males (6.25 ± 0.67mm) and females (5.54 ± 0.52 mm). The smallest mean PAL was at C2 in both males (27.46 ± 1.69mm) and females (25.90 ± 1.88 mm). The mean PW, PH, and PAL were...
Morphometric Analysis of Cervical Spine Pedicles in an Indian Population
The Journal of Spinal Surgery
Introduction: The quantitative understanding of cervical pedicle morphology minimizes the injury to the neurovascular structure and improves the surgical outcome. The aim of this study was to investigate the morphometry of the cervical pedicle using computed tomography (CT) scans. Materials and methods: The CT scan was performed in eleven cervical spine injury patients and the axial and sagittal images were used to calculate the four linear parameters-outer pedicle width (OPW), inner pedicle width (IPW), pedicle height (PH), pedicle axis length (PAL), and the pedicle transverse angle (PTA). Results: A total of 110 pedicles were measured and studied. The mean OPW, IPW, and PH showed gradual increase of the value from C3 to C7. The PTA showed maximum value at C4 vertebra and minimum value at C7 vertebra. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that pedicle dimensions were small in comparison to European and other Asian populations. To enhance the safety of cervical pedicle screw insertion, the pedicle dimensions and trajectories should be determined individually. The screw diameter should also be optimal to avoid pedicle violations because of narrow OPW in our study population.
International Journal of Anatomy and Research, 2016
Knowledge on the dimensions of morphological features of typical cervical vertebrae is of importance to improve the surgical outcome while performing cervical pedicle screw insertion, cervical laminectomy, hook plating, lateral mass screw fixation, inter spinous wiring and the cervical transpedicular screw fixation. The aim of the present study on the morphometric analysis of the typical cervical vertebrae (C3-C6) is to provide knowledge for the surgeons to improve the surgical techniques and to minimize the post operative complications. Materials and Methods: The present study consisting of 50 dry typical cervical vertebrae. Height, transverse diameter, antero-posterior diameter of vertebral bodies, height and length of laminae, length and width of pedicles, length of spine, length and width of superior and inferior articular facets were measured using digital Vernier caliper with 0.01mm precision. Results: The mean and standard deviations of height, transverse diameter, antero-posterior diameter of vertebral bodies were 12.31±1.58 mm, 21.49±2.13 mm and 15.69±1.42 mm respectively. The mean & SD of the height and length of laminae were 10.60±1.21 mm and 15.13±1.38 mm respectively. The mean & SD of length and width of pedicles were 5.62±1.53 mm and 4.64±0.72 mm respectively. The mean & SD of length of spines were 16.23±2.23mm. The mean & SD of length and width of superior and inferior articular facets were 12.75±2.47mm, 9.69±1.54 mm, 13.55±2.16 mm and 6.37±0.82 mm respectively. The mean antero-posterior diameter of bodies was measured on superior and inferior surfaces and it was found that the mean antero-posterior diameters on inferior surface of bodies were higher than superior surface. Student t test was performed between the right and left sides of all the parameters and found bilateral symmetry. Conclusion: The knowledge on the morphometric dimensions of the typical cervical vertebrae (C3-C6) provides essential guidance to the surgeons to improve the surgical techniques which can minimize the intra operative and/or post operative complications.
AIM: To examine the variations in number, size, and shape of foramina transversaria (FTs) of cervical vertebrae, and to discuss their clinical importance. MATERIAL and METHODS: The FTs of 200 dry cervical vertebrae (C3-C7) from 40 spines were studied for the presence of variations in their number (single, double, or triple), size, and shape. The foramina were classified according to their shape depending upon the direction of their main diameter. RESULTS: Accessory foramina were found in 40 cervical vertebrae. Bilateral accessory foramina were slightly more common than a unilateral accessory foramen. Accessory foramina occurred in a particular pattern, with incidence increasing with descending order of cervical vertebrae, and were most commonly found in C7. The mean values of the anteroposterior and transverse FT diameters on the right side were 4.96 ± 1.08 and 5.68 ± 1.20 mm, respectively, and on the left side were 5.07 ± 1.12 and 5.76 ± 1.29 mm, respectively. The difference was not statistically significant. FTs with very small diameter (<3.5 mm) were found mostly in C7 followed by C5 and C6. Five types of shape were noted. Type 1 was predominant on the right side, whereas type 4 was predominant on the left side. CONCLUSION: Differences in number (duplication), size, and shape of the FTs are not uncommon phenomena. Anatomical knowledge of FT variations is surgically pertinent, as in such conditions the vertebral artery may become twisted or deformed and result in vertebrobasilar insufficiency. Morphometric measurements from this study may be useful in interpreting radiographic images of the cervical spine obtained using computed tomography or cervical angiograms.
Morphometric Study of Typical Cervical Vertebrae in Population of Bihar & its Clinical Implication
Background: The cervical spine has tendency to high degree of traumatic, degenerative and neoplastic diseases, so it requires frequent surgical intervention. The detailed knowledge of morphometricstudy of vertebral elements is important for development of instrumentation related to cervical spine. Variation in vertebral dimension among different races have been noted. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the morphometric feature of vertebral elements of typical cervical vertebrae.
MORPHOMETRIC CERVICAL ANALYSIS
Background. Any abnormalities in subaxial typical cervical vertebrae could cause functional disorder and/or instability. Instrumentation can be applied to overcome the instability, such as pedicle screw insertion. Pedicle screw insertion in typical subaxial cervical spine is technically demanding due to its pedicle dimension. This study is designed to measure the anatomical morphometric of typical subaxial cervical pedicle in Hasan Sadikin hospital as a pre operative evaluation to avoid the complication in that procedure.
Dimensions and Anatomical Variants of the Foramen Transversarium of Typical Cervical Vertebrae
Anatomy Research International, 2015
The study was conducted on random sample of seventy-one dried, typical cervical vertebrae (C3–C6). The data on the age, sex, and built was not available. Using vernier calipers with 0.01 mm accuracy, the anteroposterior and transverse diameters of transverse foramina and their distance from the medial margin of the uncinate process were measured bilaterally. The mean diameter of the right/left transverse foramen varied from 2.54 mm to 7.79 mm (mean = 5.55 ± 0.87 mm) and from 2.65 mm to 7.35 mm (mean = 5.48 ± 0.77 mm), respectively. The transverse foramen was less than 3.5 mm in three vertebrae on the right and two on the left. The osteocytes observed in 21.3% of specimens and the narrow transverse foramen may place patients at risk for vertebrobasilar insufficiency or thrombus formation. The mean distance of the transverse foramen from the medial margin of uncinate process is an important landmark to avoid vertebral artery laceration and was 5.0 ± 0.87 mm (range: 3.5–7.9 mm) on the ...
International Journal of Morphology
Anatomical variation of the foramina transversaria (FT) is associated with vertebral neurovascular symptoms and can cause complications after lower spine surgery, especially cervical pedicle screw (CPS) insertion. FT variation has been documented and classified in various populations, as this information can help increase cervical stability in subaxial vertebral surgery. Although the morphometry of the upper cervical spine in Thai populations has been reported, there have yet been no studies examining the features of FT. The FT of dried cervical spines (C3-C7; left and right side; n = 107, male = 53 and female = 54) were examined for morphological variation, and their anteroposterior (AP) and transverse (T) diameters were measured using a digital vernier caliper. Morphometric data and variations were compared by sex and lateral side. It was that the C3-C6 FT in both sexes were round, and the C7 FT was elliptical with an oblique right side. FT diameters did not differ significantly by sex except for the AP diameters of C6-C7 and for T diameters of C4 and C7. The left AP diameters of C3-C6 were significantly longer than the right, as were the T diameters of C4 and C7 FT. Additionally, T diameter was significantly longer than that of the AP, except that of the left C6 in male spines, which did not differ from the AP. Most FT examined were round. These findings should be considered in the provisional diagnosis of vertebral neurovascular symptoms caused by FT variation as well as that of neurovascular damage after cervical pedicle screw placement.