HOUSING: Questions and Attitudes, Approaches and Ideas—An Essay * GerardoBrown-‐Manrique~1 (original) (raw)
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Development Action Group: Sustainable medium-density housing 132 9. A range of housing typologies Contrary to popular belief, 'housing' does not only refer to a house as a physical structure, but encompasses all the different elements that constitute a human settlement. Urban environments that display high quality private space, communal space and access to facilities, contribute positively to the living conditions of residents. The physical, social, psychological and cultural environments contribute to the creation of a 'sense of place'. A high quality urban environment brings about a positive sense of place, which in turn contributes to high levels of resident satisfaction, ownership and identity. 1 Building and site design, in particular, contribute significantly to the 'sense of place' and quality of a housing development. 2 More specifically, building costs, service provision and service costs, the nature of the unit, the configuration of the open space system and residents' perception of and satisfaction with their housing environment, are all determined by housing typology. According to Kevin Lynch, the basic texture of a city is determined by the predominant type and mix of its residential buildings. He summarises the models in a matrix pitting building height against ground coverage: 3 Table 22: Building height and ground coverage determining city texture Ground coverage Building height High (over 6 storeys) Moderate (3-6 storeys) Low (1-2 storeys) High (over 50%)-Dense walk-ups Courtyard housing Moderate (10-50%) High slabs Ground-access walk-ups Attached houses Low (under 10%) Towers in the green-Free standing housing Housing typologies discussed in this book include row-housing and semi-detached housing, three-to four-storey walk-ups, courtyard housing, flats, single room accommodation and cluster housing. These typologies are also illustrated in the eleven case studies. A combination of typologies used in the same development for different income groups and household configurations enable residential environments to offer choice and diversity. The promotion of mixed use, which includes social facilities and trading space for small or micro-enterprises, as is the case in Sakhasonke Village, can help create vibrant housing environments and support residents' livelihood activities, and enhance their general well-being. When making decisions about the choice and appropriateness of different housing typologies, consideration must be given to the availability and cost of land, the socioeconomic profile of end-users, the urban context and natural systems. Architectural, urban design and planning solutions that are not based on adequate knowledge about the end-users' expectations, needs and values may have unintended consequences that are contrary to the intentions of planners and designers. 4 Family separation was an insidious by-product of apartheid spatial planning and design. It is therefore imperative that design facilitates family life as this is critical to socio-spatial transformation in South Africa. The importance of cooperation between experts in fields such as economics, the built environment, ecology, sociology and psychology become apparent in the attempt to provide sustainable housing. Untermann and Small 5 emphasise the importance of planners' and designers' understanding and knowledge of the house analysis and design components as part of the overall process. They organise this into four parts: 9. A RANGE OF HOUSING TYPOLOGIES
Docomomo Journal, n. 54 – Housing Reloaded
TOSTOES, Ana; FERREIRA, Zara (ed.), Franz Graf, Giulia Marino (guest-ed.), Docomomo Journal, 54 - Housing Reloaded, Docomomo International, Lisbon, 2016
Post-War Housing Complexes in Europe are symbols of architectural, technological and social aspirations. These grands ensembles of Mass Housing have nowadays begun to be appreciated by users and authorities, as integral part of the current city. Whether discussing demolition (as faced by the Smithsons' Robin Hood Gardens and Toulouse's Le Mirail, and commonly seen as a focus for social marginalization), or the growing phenomenon of heritagization (as implicit in the type of person now using the Marseille Unité d’Habitation), the debate today has mainly become centered on the question of: how to keep these large structures alive, while meeting contemporary standards of comfort? Characterized by adventurous experiments in the use of new materials and techniques, space creation and gender transformations, the obsolescence of these big complexes is determined on two different levels: the technical one (regarding comfort, such as thermal or acoustic, and the need for mechanical and safety improvements, as infrastructures, systems, elevators), and the functional one (involving space dimensions, organisation, orientation, and the introduction of new uses); all while complying with current regulatory standards. In addition, these buildings have frequently been intensively used and modified. See full contents at: https://www.docomomo.com/journal/dj-54 https://dx.doi.org/10.52200/54.I.ZCGBQ0C2
Conference: Housing – a Critical Perspective
2016
Charles Jencks proclaimed the “Death of Modern Architecture”, metaphorically through the demolition of the Pruitt-Igoe housing estate (1972), more than 40 years ago, precisely at a time when the private sector started to take over the welfare state almost everywhere. The contradiction between claiming an “architecture for the people” while an economic-driven market was being promulgated, obliterating the moral ambitions of architecture, is outlined in the case study of the present paper, the urban plan of Portela de Sacavém (1960-79), designed by architect Fernando Silva (1914-83).
Housing - A Critical Perspective
2015
and the scholarly journal and research group Architecture_MPS. It forms part of a UK based broader program of international events and publications organized around this theme by Architecture_MPS called Housing-Critical Futures. Running over three years from 2015-2017 further events are planned in the UK, Spain, Cyprus, Mexico, the United States, Australia and elsewhere. These will be accompanied by publications and other related activities. This conference in Liverpool represents the first of these academic events.
As with most of my other-over 150-bibliographies, this compilation is marked by two conspicuous constraints: books, in English. No doubt there are worthy titles in other languages, and I trust the assiduous reader or researcher fluent in in one or more of those languages can find them. And of course there are quite a number of journal articles across an array of fields of inquiry that include, for example, history, sociology, political economy, public planning or policy, architecture, the law and legal theory, as well as philosophically oriented approaches that involve questions of distributive and social justice or topics within the remit of democratic theory and practice. Being for many years outside the academic world, I cannot keep abreast of such literature if only because I thus lack the requisite institutional access. I welcome suggestions for titles within the aforementioned constraints.
2016
The article tackles the issue of the field of research into the contemporary sociology of dwelling. In the light of extremely liberal housing policy based on the assumption of housing needs being financed with the capital of the individual buyers due to their purchasing capabilities (via loans), one may acknowledge that dwelling culture has undergone significant change. Though slowly and with obstacles, market demand is causing a certain differentiation in what is available, and this is accompanied by equally sluggish processes in the reshaping of buyers' expectations. The evolving demographic structure, changing customs, increased mobility (compared to the Polish People's Republic) and migration processes comprise a new picture of models, practices and preferences related to one's dwelling. The developing rental market is conducive for the adjustment of supply to these preferences, though slowly and despite unfavourable regulations, although there is still a long way to...
Housing as a Basic Need for Human
2018
PURPOSE: The purpose of this research paper is to examine analyzing and outlining the growth of the housing industry and its rights. The main purpose is to eliminate the problem related to the relevancy and application of housing complexities and its systems across the world. DESIGN OR METHODOLOGY: This paper is set out according to the principle instruments and the rights of development of housing regional and other related bodies. The analysis of the housing system is basically organized on the basis of housing system of development and channels and networks of legal and lawful means of professional concerns and their domains. FINDINGS: All across the world the rights for housing is being considered as a lawful and constitutional concerned nationally and internationally. The findings also suggest the significance of housing rights and the conceptual frame work of human rights effect the implementation. Professional epistemic community development of the housing shape the policies ...
This presentation will present the housing policy of the socialist regime in Romania, implemented between 1945 and 1958, which resulted in the construction of 29 housing estates in Bucharest, housing more than 30.000 tenants. It focuses on the social history of the agents that benefited from this policy, the tenants, and will answer a causal series of question: did the socialist state resolve the housing issue of the vulnerable classes or it used housing as a tool of controlling the working class by offering this right only to party members and members of unions? Consequently, the study investigates the intentions of the reformers, the means of construction and the distribution, together with the features of daily life in these new housing estates. The meaning of constructing these housing estates relied in the ideology adopted by authorities, according to which every citizen was entitled to own or rent a decent house. However, the roots of these reforms are to be found in the failure of the capitalist housing reform, which did little to improve the situation of the vulnerable classes and focused on distributing the newly built houses between 1908 up to 1948 to a more loyal middle class, supportive of the national and liberal state. The promise of a new approach in housing as early as 1945 seemed to favorize the lower classes. Consequently, the presentation examines the intentions of reformers in terms of ideologically changing the lives of the beneficiaries and, equally important, how did the beneficiaries adopt the new social space.