Energy-Efficient Relay-Based Void Hole Prevention and Repair in Clustered Multi-AUV Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (original) (raw)

REVOHPR: Relay-based Void Hole Prevention and Repair by Virtual Routing in Clustered Multi-AUV Underwater Wireless Sensor Network

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSN) enables various oceanic applications which require effective packet transmission. In this case, sparse node distribution, dynamic network topology and inappropriate selection of relay nodes cause void holes. Addressing this problem, we present a Relay based Void Hole Prevention and Repair protocol (ReVOHPR) by multiple Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV) for UWSN. ReVOHPR efficiently identifies and avoids void holes and trap relay nodes to avoid it. ReVOHPR adopts the following operations as Ocean Depth (levels) based Equal Cluster Formation, Dynamic Sleep Scheduling, Virtual Graph based Routing, and Relay Assisted Void Hole Repair. For energy efficient cluster forming, Entropy based Eligibility Ranking (E2R) is presented which elects stable cluster heads (CHs). Then, dynamic sleep scheduling is implemented Dynamic Kernel Kalman Filter (DK2F) algorithm in which Sleep and Active modes based on the nodes current status. Inter Cluster Routing...

On Energy Hole and Coverage Hole Avoidance in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

— Due to the limited battery capacity of sensor nodes, a minimization of energy consumption is a potential research area in underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs). However, energy hole and coverage hole creations lead performance degradation of UWSNs in terms of network lifetime and throughput. In this paper, we address the energy hole creation issue in depth-based routing techniques, and devise a technique to overcome the deficiencies in existing techniques. Besides addressing the energy hole issue, the proposition of a coverage hole repair technique is also part of this paper. In areas of the dense deployment, sensing ranges of nodes redundantly overlap. Our proposed technique takes a benefit of redundant overlapping and repairs a coverage hole during network operation. Simulation results show that our two techniques cohesively conserve nodes' energy, which ultimately maximizes the network lifetime and throughput at the cost of increased delay.

A Novel Cooperative Opportunistic Routing Scheme for Underwater Sensor Networks

Increasing attention has recently been devoted to underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) because of their capabilities in the ocean monitoring and resource discovery. UWSNs are faced with different challenges, the most notable of which is perhaps how to efficiently deliver packets taking into account all of the constraints of the available acoustic communication channel. The opportunistic routing provides a reliable solution with the aid of intermediate nodes' collaboration to relay a packet toward the destination. In this paper, we propose a new routing protocol, called opportunistic void avoidance routing (OVAR), to address the void problem and also the energy-reliability trade-off in the forwarding set selection. OVAR takes advantage of distributed beaconing, constructs the adjacency graph at each hop and selects a forwarding set that holds the best trade-off between reliability and energy efficiency. The unique features of OVAR in selecting the candidate nodes in the vicinity of each other leads to the resolution of the hidden node problem. OVAR is also able to select the forwarding set in any direction from the sender, which increases its flexibility to bypass any kind of void area with the minimum deviation from the optimal path. The results of our extensive simulation study show that OVAR outperforms other protocols in terms of the packet delivery ratio, energy consumption, end-to-end delay, hop count and traversed distance.

Energy-Aware Scalable Reliable and Void-Hole Mitigation Routing for Sparsely Deployed Underwater Acoustic Networks

Applied Sciences

In wireless underwater sensor networks (WUSNs), network protocols for information routing are usually designed when a significant number of nodes are present in the network. Therefore, for sparse conditions, when a noticeable reduction in the number of nodes occurs, the performance of such protocols exhibits a degraded behavior pattern. To cope with routing issues when sparse conditions prevail, two routing algorithms for WUSNs are proposed in this paper. They are energy-aware scalable reliable and void-hole mitigation routing (ESRVR) and cooperative energy-aware scalable reliable and void-hole mitigation routing (Co-ESRVR). The ESRVR uses a number of strategies. Firstly, it uses two hop neighbors’ information to develop routing trajectories for information advancement, as one hop information cannot avoid a void-hole, a condition when a node is not able to find neighbors towards the sea surface, and more than two hop information is difficult to obtain when sparse conditions prevail....

Region Aware Proactive Routing Approaches Exploiting Energy Efficient Paths for Void Hole Avoidance in Underwater WSNs

IEEE Access

Nowadays, constrained battery life expectancy is an important issue for reliable data delivery in Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN). Conventional transmission methodologies increase the transmission overhead, i.e., the collision of packets, which influence the data transmission. Substitution of the sensor's battery in brutal underwater environment is a difficult task. Therefore, to maintain a strategic distance from the unexpected failure of the network and to increase the life expectancy of the network, energy-efficient routing protocols are required. At this end, in this paper, a proactive routing protocol with three different network types is proposed to solve the aforementioned issues. The proposed protocol adaptively changes its communication strategy depending on the type of the network, i.e., dense network, partially dense network and sparse network. This adaptive strategy helps the routing protocols to continue their transmission avoiding the void holes. In the proposed protocol named Proactive routing Approach with Energy-Efficient Path Selection (PA-EPS-Case I), vertical intertransmission layering concept is introduced (using shortest and fastest path) in the dense and partially dense region. In addition, cluster formation concept is also appended to make transmission successful in the sparse regions. The Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) is improved by the proposed protocol with minimum End to End (E2E) delay and packet drop ratio. A comparative analysis is additionally performed with two cutting edge routing protocols namely: Weighting Depth and Forwarding Area Division Depth Based Routing (WDFAD-DBR) and Cluster-based WDFAD-DBR (C-DBR). Simulations and results demonstrate that proposed protocol outperformed in counterparts. INDEX TERMS Underwater wireless sensor networks, adaptive transmission, void hole, geographic and opportunistic routing, mobility prediction. I. INTRODUCTION Nowadays, advancement in Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN) roused researchers to improve different applications in the scientific era. For example, data collection and disaster's inhibition [1]-[4]. Moreover in UWSNs, during the long transmission, acoustic waves are favored rather than radio waves due to their low assimilation and dispersion rate. In addition, dynamic environmental changes, restricted life expectancy of the sensors and high End to End (E2E) delay are the unfavorable features in UWSN [5]-[7]. For this purpose, multi-hop routing 11 protocols are preferred. These promising strategies limit 12 the EC with reasonable E2E delay. Furthermore, these 13 protocols help in many other underwater applications, i.e., 14 temperature and environmental data gathering. Some of 15 the researchers focused on Transmission range Adjustment 16 (TRA) to transmit the packet successfully [8]. Similarly, to 17 balance the EC of the sensors Balanced Energy Adaptive 18 Routing (BEAR) convention is proposed [9]. Notwithstand-19 ing, constrained battery life expectancy is a difficult task 20

Void Hole Avoidance for Reliable Data Delivery in IoT Enabled Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2018

Due to the limited availability of battery power of the acoustic node, an efficient utilization is desired. Additionally, the aquatic environment is harsh; therefore, the battery cannot be replaced, which leaves the network prone to sudden failures. Thus, an efficient node battery dissipation is required to prolong the network lifespan and optimize the available resources. In this paper, we propose four schemes: Adaptive transmission range in WDFAD-Depth-Based Routing (DBR) (A-DBR), Cluster-based WDFAD-DBR (C-DBR), Backward transmission-based WDFAD-DBR (B-DBR) and Collision Avoidance-based WDFAD-DBR (CA-DBR) for Internet of Things-enabled Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (IoT, UWSNs). A-DBR adaptively adjusts its transmission range to avoid the void node for forwarding data packets at the sink, while C-DBR minimizes end-to-end delay along with energy consumption by making small clusters of nodes gather data. In continuous transmission range adjustment, energy consumption increase...

Anchor Nodes Assisted Cluster-Based Routing Protocol for Reliable Data Transfer in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

IEEE Access, 2021

Reliable data transfer seems a quite challenging task in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSN) in comparison with Terrestrial Wireless Sensor Networks due to the peculiar attributes of UWSN communication. However, the reliable data transmission in UWSN is very limited. Yet, there is a way to achieve reliable data transfer metrics through the design of routing protocols by considering the exceptional features of UWSN communications. With this aim, we propose two schemes with multiple sinksbased network architecture: Anchor Nodes assisted Cluster-based Routing Protocol (ANCRP) to achieve reliable data transfer metrics and Void Handling technique in ANCRP (VH-ANCRP) to cope with the local maximum nodes. For which, the network space is divided into small cubes to form clusters. Then, each cube is assigned with an anchor node as a cluster head (CH). All cluster heads are supposed to be anchored at the centroid of a cube via a string, while source nodes are randomly distributed. In ANCRP, the source nodes are liable to send the sensed data to their designated CH. The CH transmits the sensed data to the next-hop CH and continues this procedure till the successful delivery of the data packets at the surface sinks. In VH-ANCRP, a void handling technique of making the ad-hoc CH is used by the void nodes to reconnect with the network operations. We perform extensive simulations in NS3 to validate our schemes. The simulation outcomes expel that both proposed schemes have improved the network performance when compared with the baseline schemes. INDEX TERMS Underwater wireless sensor networks, reliable data transfer, routing protocol, anchor nodes, clustering technique, void handling. I. INTRODUCTION Currently, Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) are gaining pivotal considerations in both industrial and academia sector because of their wide and comprehensive implementation areas, such as resource exploration, navigation assisting, military surveillance, calamity preventions, etc. [1]. The underwater WSNs also assist in finding the The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Qilian Liang. unexplored underwater resources and aquatic data collection with the help of different computational intelligence approaches [2]. The underwater wireless sensor nodes are supposed to be deployed sparsely from surface-layer to seabed-layer for fetching the data from the underwater harsh environments by using an acoustic modem [3], [4]. Underwater communication through optical signals is not feasible due to absorption loss and rapid attenuation. Thus, underwater communication is carried out in acoustic signals [5].

ATCFS: Effective Connectivity Restoration Scheme for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

IEEE Access, 2019

Underwater acoustic sensor network (UASN) has become one of the enabling technologies for the development of future ocean observation systems (OOSs). However, the UASN could be severely damaged because of the harsh environment that causes the simultaneous failure of many sensor nodes, thus leading to the partition of the network into multiple disconnected segments. In this paper, we studied the crucial issue to reestablish the network connectivity with the least quantity of employed relay nodes. To achieve a clear understanding of the issue, we present its integer nonlinear programming formulation, which is generally NP-hard. So, with the aim of solving the problem efficiently, an original heuristic scheme is proposed in this paper. Two fundamental algorithms are integrated into the scheme, namely, alternating tree construction and Fermat-point selection (ATCFS) as a whole. The results of extensive simulation experiment have confirmed that the ATCFS can solve this problem simply and effectively. INDEX TERMS Computer network performance, network reliability, relay control systems, underwater acoustic communication.

Multiple-UUV approach for enhancing connectivity in underwater ad-hoc sensor networks

2005

Underwater sensor networks typically comprise of sensor nodes that are deployed in sufficiently large numbers for data collection, monitoring and surveillance. The acquired data is relayed by the sensors over multihop wireless acoustic communications links to sinks and collection points. While the sensors are generally static, the adverse channel and harsh environmental conditions increase the chances of link breakages due to fading and ambient noise. Our proposed scheme utilizes multiple underwater unmanned vehicles (UUVs, e.g. seabed crawlers) to enhance connectivity. The UUVs patrol the areas where connectivity is likely to be poor to overcome temporal interference and if necessary deploy more sensors to repair the breaks in connectivity. In the event that network becomes partitioned, the UUVs can also serve as local sinks to the sensors in the isolated partitions, and ferry the data from the isolated sensors to the nearest connected part of the network.

Opportunistic Void Avoidance Routing for Underwater Sensor Networks

Opportunistic void avoidance routing (OVAR) protocol has been proposed for UWSNs. It is an any cast, geographic and opportunistic routing protocol. OVAR switches to the recovery mode procedure which is based on topology control through the depth adjustment of the void nodes, instead of the traditional approaches using control messages to discover and maintain routing paths along void regions. Increasing attention has recently been devoted to underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) because of their capabilities in the ocean monitoring and resource discovery. UWSNs are faced with different challenges, the most notable of which is perhaps how to efficiently deliver packets taking into account all of the constraints of the available acoustic communication channel. The opportunistic routing provides a reliable solution with the aid of intermediate nodes’ collaboration to relay a packet toward the destination. In this paper, we propose a new routing protocol, called opportunistic void avoidance routing (OVAR), to address the void problem and also the energy-reliability trade-off in the forwarding set selection. OVAR takes advantage of distributed beaconing, constructs the adjacency graph at each hop and selects a forwarding set that holds the best trade-off between reliability and energy efficiency. The unique features of OVAR in selecting the candidate nodes in the vicinity of each other leads to the resolution of the hidden node problem. OVAR is also able to select the forwarding set in any direction from the sender, which increases its ?exibility to bypass any kind of void area with the minimum deviation from the optimal path. The results of our extensive simulation study show that OVAR outperforms other protocols in terms of the packet delivery ratio, energy consumption, end-to-end delay, hop count and traversed distance.