Synthesis and characterization of novel ternary deep eutectic solvents (original) (raw)
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Non-Ionic Deep Eutectic Liquids: Acetamide–Urea Derived Room Temperature Solvents
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
A family of non-ionic deep eutectic liquids has been developed based upon mixtures of solid N-alkyl derivatives of urea and acetamide that in some cases have melting points below room temperature. The eutectic behaviour and physical characteristics of a series of eleven eutectic mixtures are presented, along with a molecular dynamics study-supported hypothesis for the origin of the non-ideal mixing of these substances. Their use as solvents in applications ranging from natural product extraction to organic and polymer synthesis are demonstrated.
Design strategies for the synthesis of deep eutectic solvents
Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering
The synthesis of green solvents is one of the most studied subjects in "Green Chemistry" in support of sustainable development. Green solvents synthesis reflects the twelve green chemistry principles that relate to waste reduction, less toxic chemical synthesis route, safe chemical design, solvents and supplementary facilities, design for economical energy production, less derivatives synthesis, use of renewable resources, that consider catalysis fundamentals, design for degradation, effective environmental pollution prevention, and high safety measurement (Anastas & Eghbali, 2010; Chen & Mu, 2021). Ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are the most prominent nonconventional solvents which have revolutionized the solvent industry because of the diversity in designs and extensive applications in academia as well as industries. DES offers several advantages over volatile organic compounds (VOCs). For separation, catalysis design, material synthesis, and electrochemistry, DESs are more appropriate as dissolution solvents. Numerous researches have been undertaken to reduce the effectiveness of the challenges of DESs design and strategies. DESs consist of two or more components with noncovalent interactions, such as hydrogen bonding (Yu & Mu, 2019). Most of the DESs are composed of ionic moieties, therefore, considered as analogues to ILs. Furthermore, DESs can
Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents − Solvents for the 21st Century
Green technology actively seeks new solvents to replace common organic solvents that present inherent toxicity and have high volatility, leading to evaporation of volatile organic compounds to the atmosphere. Over the past two decades, ionic liquids (ILs) have gained enormous attention from the scientific community, and the number of reported articles in the literature has grown exponentially. Nevertheless, IL "greenness" is often challenged, mainly due to their poor biodegradability, biocompatibility, and sustainability. An alternative to ILs are deep eutectic solvents (DES). Deep eutectic solvents are defined as a mixture of two or more components, which may be solid or liquid and that at a particular composition present a high melting point depression becoming liquids at room temperature. When the compounds that constitute the DES are primary metabolites, namely, aminoacids, organic acids, sugars, or choline derivatives, the DES are so called natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES). NADES fully represent green chemistry principles. Can natural deep eutectic solvents be foreseen as the next generation solvents and can a similar path to ionic liquids be outlined? The current state of the art concerning the advances made on these solvents in the past few years is reviewed in this paper, which is more than an overview on the different applications for which they have been suggested, particularly, biocatalysis, electrochemistry, and extraction of new data. Citotoxicity of different NADES was evaluated and compared to conventional imidazolium-based ionic liquids, and hints at the extraction of phenolic compounds from green coffee beans and on the foaming effect of NADES are revealed. Future perspectives on the major directions toward which the research on NADES is envisaged are here discussed, and these comprised undoubtedly a wide range of chemically related subjects.
Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents: Properties, Applications, and Perspectives
Journal of Natural Products, 2018
As functional liquid media, natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) species can dissolve natural or synthetic chemicals of low water solubility. Moreover, the special properties of NADES, such as biodegradability and biocompatibility, suggest that they are alternative candidates for concepts and applications involving some organic solvents and ionic liquids. Owing to the growing comprehension of the eutectic mechanisms and the advancing interest in the natural eutectic phenomenon, many NADES applications have been developed in the past several years. However, unlike organic solvents, the basic structural unit of NADES media primarily depends on the intermolecular interactions among their components. This makes NADES matrices readily *
Properties and green applications based review on highly efficient deep eutectic solvents
Egyptian Journal of Chemistry
D EEP eutectic solvents (Ionic liquids)(DESs), a new type of low cost and eco-friendly solvent, have fascinating rising interest in chemistry. To recapitulate the properties and significance of deep eutectic solvents (DESs), this review focus on characteristics of deep eutectic solvents, as well as their applications in electrochemistry, catalytic activity, biodegradability, bio-catalysis, as aromatic hydrocarbons, extraction and separation. The existing data and references are appraisal to go over the developments of DESs.
2021
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as a new kind of solvent and an excellent alternative to ionic liquids, thanks to its simplicity in preparing and availability of a large number of potential constituents to tune the properties. However, most of the reported DESs are ionic, and to the best of our knowledge, only a few non-ionic DESs are available, which are liquid at room temperature. Here, we rationally design and report a new ternary non-ionic DES comprising of acetamide, urea, and sorbitol, which is liquid at room temperature. We also report some of the important physical properties like refractive index (n D), sound velocity (u), density (q), and dynamic viscosity (g).
Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 2017
Deep eutectic solvents are a recent class of solvents that started to get attention to replace the ionic liquids and, of course, the traditional organic solvents. In this work, two series mixtures of choline chloride-urea-glycerol and choline chloride-malic acid-glycerol, liquids at room temperature, were synthesized in different molar ratios and their properties were studied. Electrochemical characterization test was performed using Pt/C catalyst and the results showed an interesting electrochemical stability for choline chlorideurea-glycerol mixture within the potential range of −1 to 1 V. The viscosity was reported as a function of temperature for mixtures which behaved as Newtonian fluids and as a function of shear rate for those which behaved as non-Newtonian fluids. For instance, 1-1-1 choline chloride-urea-glycerol viscosity was decreased from 706.8 to 26.9 cP when the temperature was increased from 20 to 80 • C, respectively. While for the same mixture at 10 • C, it was decreased from 30,933 to 3948 cP by increasing the shear rate from 0.03 to 0.38 S −1 , respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimeter and density measurements were all reported in detail in this paper.
Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols, 2022
A deep eutectic solvent (DES) was prepared by reacting calcium chloride dihydrate with an acetamide at different ratios. The resulting clear colorless DES showed good heat stability ranged between its freezing temperature (-7 ˚C) and decomposition temperature (286.7 ˚C) for (1:7) mole ratio respectively having an ionic conductivity of 0.3 mS/ cm. FT-IR and UV spectra were used to establish its coordination. Other physical properties, such as viscosity, density, and cyclic voltammetry have been measured.
Deep Eutectic Solvents as Unconventional Media for Multicomponent Reactions
Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 2018
Regarding all the green aspects of sustainable chemical transformations, eco-friendly processes along with economic development, environmental protection as well as natural resources preservation are mandatory. The use of unconventional media for organic transformations has been part of the quest for new eco-friendly process. As new alternative media for volatile organic solvents, deep eutectic solvents (DES) can be defined as the eutectic mixtures formed of two or more phase-immiscible components, which furnish a new homogeneous liquid phase with lower freezing point than those observed for individual counterparts. They found applications in several different fields, such as solvent/catalyst for organic transformations, biotransformations, and polymerization reactions, metal and biomass processing applications, and separation technologies. This review describes the recent studies on the use of deep eutectic mixtures as solvent and/or catalyst for multicomponent reactions in the synthesis of complex organic compounds.
Monoethanolamine-based deep eutectic solvents, their synthesis and characterization
Fluid Phase Equilibria, 2017
Since reporting the Reline (choline chloride and urea at 1:2 molar ratio) deep eutectic solvent (DES) few years ago, a diversity of similar solvents have been prepared, characterized and used in different practical applications. The need is still available for converting some conventional solvents into a eutectic formulation for different reasons. In this work, the monoethanolamine (MEA) is combined with three different quaternary salts to form DES at different molar compositions. The resulting DESs were characterized by measuring their main physical properties including melting point, density, viscosity, surface tension, and refractive index within the temperature range of 298.15-358.15 K. An FTIR analysis was also conducted to provide an evidence of any chemical structural changes. These new eutectic fluids have melting points below 279.15 K and of relatively low density and viscosity values. The molar composition of these DESs have significant effect on their physical properties. These new fluids can be utilized for a variety of applications involving adsorptive gas separation and particularly carbon dioxide capture.