Teaching Public Policy to Undergraduate Students: Issues, Experiences, and Lessons in Turkey (original) (raw)
2011, Journal of Public Affairs Education
Abstract
Claims for missing numbers should be made within the month following the regular month of publication. The publishers expect to supply missing numbers free only when losses have been sustained in transit and when the reserve stock will permit.
Loading Preview
Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.
References (170)
- Averch, H., & Dluhy, M. (1992). Teaching public administration, public management, and policy analysis: Convergence or divergence in the masters core. Journal of Policy Analysis and Manage- ment, 541-551.
- Bloom, B. S. (1956). Taxonomy of educational objectives: Cognitive domain. New York: Addison Wesley.
- Canby, H. S. (1936). Alma mater: The gothic age of the American university. New York: Farrar and Rinehart.
- Carver, R. H. (1996). Where does policy analysis belong in the undergraduate public administration major? PS: Political Science and Politics, 521-525.
- Cleary, R. E. (1990). What do Public Administration Master's programs look like? Do they do what is needed? Public Administration Review, 663-673.
- Dewey, J. (1900). The school and society. Chicago: University of Chicago.
- Donald, J. G. (1996). Evaluating undergraduate education: The use of broad indicators. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 23-39.
- Fuhrman, B. S. (1997). Philosophies and aims. In J. G. Gaff & J. L. Ratcliff (Eds.), Handbook of the Undergraduate Curriculum: A comprehensive guide to purposes, structures, practices and change (pp. 86-99). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
- Gallo, J. C., Skinner, G. S., & Goettle, R. J. (1976). Graduate preparation of the undergraduate profes- sor. Journal of Economic Education, 128-130.
- Harrington, M., & Sundeen, R. A. (1998). Undergraduate education in public administration. Journal of Public Affairs Education, 215-220.
- Henry, L. L. (1995). NASPAA history. Retrieved from www.naspaa.org/about\_naspaa/about/history.asp Journal of Public Affairs Education
- Kasper, H. (1991). The education of economists: From undergraduate to graduate study. Journal of Economic Literature, 1088-1109.
- Keller, L. F., & Laudicina, E. V. (1982). Coping with diversity undergraduate public administration education in the 1980s. International Journal of Public Administration, 297-326.
- Kerr, C. (1963). The uses of the university. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University.
- Krueger, A. O. (1991). Report of the Commission on Graduate Education in Economics. Journal of Economic Literature, 1035-1053.
- Lee, D. S., & Cayer, N. J. (1987). Recruitment of minority students for public administration educa- tion. Public Administration Review, 329-335.
- Light, P. C. (1999). The new public service. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
- Milam, D. M. (2003). Practitioner in the classroom: Bringing local government experience into the public administration curriculum. Public Administration Review, 364-369. National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and Administration (NASPAA). (2004, October). NASPAA Accreditation Guidelines. Retrieved from www.naspaa.org/accreditation/seeking/refer- ence/guidelines.asp
- ---. (2009, September). NASPAA Accreditation. Retrieved from www.naspaa.org/accreditation/NS/ naspaastandards.asp
- Ornstein, A. C., & Hunkins, F. P. (1988). Curriculum: Foundations, principles, and issues. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Paulsen, D. F. (1974). Teaching undergraduate public administration: A survey. Public Administration Review, 595-597.
- Raadschelders, J. C. (1998). Handbook of administrative history. New Brunswick, NJ: Transactions.
- Shafritz, J. M., Hyde, A. C., & Parkes, S. J. (2004). Classics of public administration (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.
- Sweet, D. C. (1998). Making the case of undergraduate education in public affairs and administration. Journal of Public Affairs Education, 209-214.
- Taba, H. (1962). Curriculum development: Theory and practice. New York: Harcourt Brace.
- Thelin, J. (1996). Historical overview of American higher education. In S. R. Komives & J. D. Wood- ward (Eds.), Student services: A handbook for the profession (pp. 3-21). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
- Theony, R. A. (1993). Project Bridge: Linking the undergraduate curriculum with graduate studies and careers in public administration for minorities. Battle Creek, MI: Kellogg Foundation.
- van Lier, L. (2004). The ecology and semiotics of language learning: A sociocultural perspective. Boston: Kluwer Academic.
- Ventriss, C. (1998). The role of an undergraduate liberal arts education and a professional education in public administration: Some enduring dilemmas. Journal of Public Affairs Education, 227-232.
- Walstadt, W. B., & Becker, W. E. (2010). Preparing graduate students in Economics for teaching: Survey findings and recommendations. Journal of Economic Education, 202-210.
- Wechsler, B., & Baker, D. L. (2004). Going camping: A new strategy for preparing academically diverse students. Journal of Public Affairs Education, 19-30.
- Zhang, L. (2005). Advance to graduate education: The effect of college quality and undergraduate majors. Review of Higher Education, 313-338.
- George W. Dougherty, Jr. is assistant professor, director of the Master of Public Policy and Management program, and Public Service Degree coordinator at the University of Pittsburgh's Graduate School of Public and International Affairs. Dr. Dougherty earned a PhD in Public Administration from the University of Georgia. His research interests include local government finance and administration, citizen participation in policy making, and judicial administration.
- References Akbulut, Ö. Ö. (2002). Türkiye'de planlama kültürü üzerine bir deneme [An essay on the planning culture in Turkey], Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 35(1), 29-54.
- Akdogan. A. A. (2011). Türkiye'de kamu politikasi disiplininin tarihsel izleri [Historical traces of the public policy discipline in Turkey]. In Filiz Kartal (Ed.), Türkiye'de kamu yönetimi ve kamu politikalari [Public administration and public policies in Turkey] (pp. 75-98). Ankara: TODA İE Yayinlari.
- Allison, G. (2006). Emergence of schools of public policy: Reflections by a founding dean. In M. Moran, M. Rein, & R. E. Goodin (Eds), The Oxford handbook of public policy (pp. 58-79). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
- Anderson, J. E. (2010). Public policymaking: An introduction (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM). (2010). Website: www.appam.org/ conferences/fall/index.asp
- Berry, F. S. (2011). The changing climate for public affairs education. Journal of Public Affairs Education, 17(1), 1-6.
- Çelik, F. E. (2008). Çalişma alani olarak kamu politikasi: Tarihsel ve düşünsel kökler üzerine [Public policy as an area of research: Its historical and intellectual roots], Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 41(3), 41-72.
- Cloete, F., & Rabie, B. (2008). Overview of tertiary public policy training in South Africa. Africanus, 38(2), 55-76.
- Çorbacıo glu, S. (2008). Kamu politikasi analizinde görünmez üniversite: Alti bilim adami arasindaki bilişsel ve sosyal a gba g [Invisible college in public policy analysis: Cognitive and social network among six scientists].
- Amme İddaresi Dergisi, 41(4), 23-48.
- DeLeon, P. (2006). The historical roots of the field. In M. Moran, M. Rein, & R. E. Goodin (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of public policy (pp. 39-57). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
- Dye, T. R. (1987). Understanding public policy (4th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
- Dye, T. R., & Virginia Gray (Eds.). (1980). The determinants of public policy. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
- Ergüder, Ü. (1981). Türkiye`de tarım fiyat destek siyasası ve siyaset [Agricultural price support policy and politics in Turkey]. İstanbul: Bo gaziçi Üniversitesi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Yayini.
- Foster, R., McBeth, M. K., & Clemons, R. S. (2010). Public policy pedagogy: Mixing methodologies using case. Journal of Public Affairs Education, 16(4), 517-540.
- Geva-May, I., & Maslove, A. (2006). Canadian public policy analysis and public policy programs: A comparative perspective. Journal of Public Affairs Education, 12(4), 413-438.
- Geva-May, I., Nasi, G., Turrini, A., & Scott, C. (2008). MPP programs emerging around the world: Curriculum and case notes. Journal of Policy Analysis & Management, 27(1), 171-214.
- Göksu, T. (2003). Göç politikasi [Immigration policy].
- In T. Göksu, H. H. Çevik, A. Baharçiçek, & A. Şen (Eds.), 1980-2003 Türkiye'nin diş, ekonomik, sosyal ve idari politikalari [Turkey's foreign, economic, social and administrative policies from 1980 to 2003] (pp. 335-370). Ankara: Siyasal Yayinlari.
- Goldhamer, H. (1978). The adviser. New York: Elsevier.
- Hood, C. (1991). A public management for all seasons. Public Administration, 69(1), 3-19.
- Kettl, D. (2001). The transformation of governance and public affairs education. Journal of Public Af- fairs Education, 7(4), 213-217.
- Lasswell, H. (1951). The policy orientation. In D. Lerner & H. Lasswell (Eds.), The policy sciences: Recent developments in scope and method (pp. 3-15). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
- Lavender, W. (2009). Worldview and public policy: From American exceptionalism to American empire. (Unpublished PhD dissertation). Fairfax, VA: George Mason University.
- Lynn, L. E., Jr. (2001). The changing public policy curriculum: Introduction. Journal of Public Policy Analysis and Management, 20(1), 161-162.
- Morçöl, G., & Ivanova, N. P. (2010). Methods taught in public policy programs: Are quantitative methods still prevalent? Journal of Public Affairs Education, 16(2), 255-277.
- Orhan, G. (2007). Kamu politikalariyla ilgili sorunlar nasil çözülür? Disiplinler arasi bir yaklaşim olarak kamu politikalari analizi ve getirdigi açilimlar [How to solve public policy problems: Public policy as an interdisciplinary approach].
- In Ş. Aksoy & Y. Üstüner (Eds.), Kamu yönetimi: Yöntem ve sorunlar [Public administration: Method and problems] (pp. 287-304). Ankara: Nobel Yayin Dagitim.
- Parsons, W. (1995). Public policy: An introduction to the theory and practice of policy analysis. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
- Teaching Public Policy to Undergraduate Students Robins, P. (2009). Public policy making in Turkey: Faltering attempts to generate a national drugs policy. Policy & Politics, 37(2), 289-306.
- Şaylan, G., & Sezen, S. (2000). The paradigmatic crises of public administration and teaching curriculum: Turkish case, Turkish Public Administration Annual, 24-26, 59-76.
- Schultz, D. (2010). From the editor, Journal of Public Affairs Education, 16(4), ii-v.
- Seligman, L. G. (1955). The public policy orientation and social science courses. Journal of General Education, 8(2), 126-133.
- Smith, K. B., & Larimer, C. W. (2009). The public policy theory primer. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
- Speckhard, R. A. (1982). Review: Public policy studies: Coming to terms with reality. Polity, 14(3), 501-517.
- Tatar, M. (2003). Sa glik politikasi [Health policy].
- In T. Göksu, H. H. Çevik, A. Baharçiçek, & A. Şen (Eds.), 1980-2003 Türkiye'nin di¸s, ekonomik, sosyal ve idari politikalari [Turkey's foreign, economic, social and administrative policies from 1980 to 2003] (pp. 243-266). Ankara: Siyasal Yayınları.
- Wildavsky, A. (2007). Speaking truth to power: The art and craft of policy analysis. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
- Mete Yildiz is an associate professor of public administration in the Department of Political Science and Public Administration at Hacettepe University, Turkey. He received his PhD at Indiana University, Bloomington's School of Public and Environmental Affairs, in 2004. Among his research topics are government reform, e-government, public policy, comparative public administration, and governance issues. E-mail: myildiz@hacettepe.edu.tr
- Mehmet Akif Demircioglu, MPA, is a PhD student in Public Affairs at Indiana University's School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Bloomington. He also is a teaching assistant for comparative public administration, globalization, entre- preneurship, and public policy courses. His research interests include compara- tive and international public administration; government reform; administrative reform; strategic management, organizational change, and innovation in the public sector. E-mail: mdemirci@indiana.edu Cenay Babaoglu is a research assistant in the Department of Political Science and Public Administration at Hacettepe University, Turkey. He also continues his PhD studies at the same department. Turkish administrative history, public policy, the relation of information and communication technologies, and public administration are his main research topics. E-mail: cenaybabaoglu@hacettepe.edu.tr 1. Are the resources in Turkish? If so, how many of them are in Turkish? 2. Are the resources books? If so, how many of them are books? 3. Are the articles dominant in resources? If so, how many of them are articles?
- Are the resources directly related to public policy? If so, how many of them? 5. Are the resources up to date? (What is the most recent resource?)
- Is there a main course book?
- Is this book in Turkish? If not, what language is it written in?
- Theory and practice balance of the course (how many weeks for each?)
- Is the course student oriented? 10. Is the theory taught by lecturer? 11. Are there any case studies? 12. Do the students have any homework obligation? 13. Is the homework task a case study? (How?)
- Is there any course quota? If so, how many? 15. Are there any specific areas in the reading list?
- If there is any specific area in the reading list, are they the specialty area of the lecturer? (If yes, what are they?)
- Are the case studies from Turkey? 19. Are the case studies up to date? 20. Do the students have any presentation obligation? 21. Are there any similar courses at the master or doctoral level?
- Are there any other public policy courses at the undergraduate level? References Agranoff, R. (2007). Managing within networks: Adding value to public organizations. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
- Argenti, P. A. (2004). Collaborating with activists: How Starbucks works with NGOs. California Man- agement Review, 47(1), 91-116.
- Arosteguy, S. (2007). Editorial: Teaching about sustainable development in business education. Delta Pi Epsilon Journal, 49(2), 89-93.
- Barrett, S., (1991). Environmental regulation for competitive advantage. Business Strategy Review, 2(1), 1-15. Public Service and Social Responsibility Journal of Public Affairs Education
- Beinecke, R.H. (2009). Leadership training programs and competencies for mental health, health, public administration and business in seven countries. International Initiative for Mental Health Leader- ship. Retrieved from www.iimhl.com
- Boyle, P., & Whitaker, G. (2001). Educating for the new public service: Implications of the transforma- tion of governance. Journal of Public Affairs Education, 7(4): 267-279.
- Bozeman, B. (1987). All organizations are public: Bridging public and private organizational theories. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
- Broder, D. S. (2001, October 21). A crisis in public service. The Washington Post, B07. Civil Service Subcommittee (2003, October 1) Human capital planning: How the federal government can get a workforce to achieve results. Washington, DC: Hearing of the Civil Service Subcommittee of the House Government Reform Committee
- Crane, A., & Matten, D. (2004). Questioning the domain of the business ethics curriculum. Journal of Business Ethics, 54, 357-369.
- Dart, R. (2008). A commentary on "piercing the bubble": Should management education "confront" poverty? Journal of Management Education, 32(6), 731-737.
- Elkington, J., & Hartigan, P. (2008). The power of unreasonable people: How social entrepreneurs create markets that change the world. Boston: Harvard Business Press.
- Goldsmith, S., & Burke, T. (2009). Moving from core functions to core values: Lessons from state eligi- bility modernizations. In S. Goldsmith & D. Kettl (Eds.), Unlocking the power of networks: Keys to high-performance government (pp. 95-120). Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
- Goldsmith, S., & Kettl, D. (2009). Unlocking the power of networks: Keys to high-performance govern- ment.
- Government Accountability Office (GAO). (2008). Older workers: Federal agencies face challenges, but have opportunities to hire and retain experienced employees (GAO-08-630T). Washington, DC: Author.
- Horne, C. S., & Paris, T. V. (2010). Preparing MPA students to succeed in government-nonprofit col- laboration: Lessons from the field. Journal of Public Affairs Education, 16(1), 13-30.
- Kelman, S. (2007). Public administration and organization studies. In J. P. Walsh & A. P. Brief (Eds.), The Academy of Management annals (Vol. 1, pp. 225-267). London: Routledge.
- Kettl, D. (2006, December). Managing boundaries in American public administration: The collabora- tion imperative. Public Administration Review, 66(s1), 10-19.
- Lewis, G. B., & Cho, Y. J. (2011). The aging of the state government workforce: Trends and implica- tions. American Review of Public Administration, 41(1), 48-60.
- Mandell, M. B. (2009). Public values as a core element of NASPAA. Journal of Public Affairs Education, 15(3), 261-267.
- Moore, M. H. (1995). Creating public value. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Public Service and Social Responsibility Journal of Public Affairs Education
- Newcomer, K. E., & Allen, H. (2010). Public service education. Journal of Public Affairs Education, 16(2), 207-229.
- O'Leary, R., & Van Slyke, D. M. (2010). Introduction to the symposium on the future of public administration in 2020. Public Administration Review, 70(Special Issue), S5-S11.
- Porter, M. E., & Kramer, M. R. (2006). Strategy and society: The link between competitive advantage and corporate social responsibility. Harvard Business Review, 84(12), 78-92.
- Rampell, C. (2011, March 2). More college graduates take public service jobs. New York Times, B1. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/2011/03/02/business/02graduates.html
- Sachs, J. (2008). Commonwealth: Economics for a crowded planet. New York: Penguin Press.
- Samuelson, J. (2009). Toward sustainable change. BizEd, 30-35.
- Selsky, J. W., & Parker, B. (2005). Cross-sector partnerships to address social issues: Challenges to theory and practice. Journal of Management, 31(6), 849-873.
- Shareef, R. (2010). What business schools can learn from public management-and vice versa. Journal of Public Affairs Education, 16(4), 645-652.
- Spors, K. K., & Fialka, J. J. (2002, Sept. 19). Filling a public-service void-Federal workforce faces retirement bubble, personnel shortfall. Wall Street Journal, A4.
- Steiner, J. F., & Steiner, G. A. (2009). Business, government, and society: A managerial perspective. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Waddock, S. (2007). Leadership integrity in a fractured world. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 6(4), 543-557.
- Wamunya, W. (2003, March 10). Uncle Sam wants…workers; retirements to cause employee shortage. Boston Herald, 37.
- Wolf, D. A., & Amirkhanyan, A. A. (2010). Demographic change and its public sector consequences. Public Administration Review, 70(Special Issue), S12-S23.
- References Abel, C. F. (2009). Towards a signature pedagogy for public administration. Journal of Public Affairs Education, 15(2), 145-160.
- Ackerman, D. B. (1989). Intellectual and practical criteria for successful curriculum integration. In H. Hayes Jacobs (Ed.), Interdisciplinary curriculum: Design and implementation (pp. 25-37). Alexan- dria, VA: Association for Supervision & Curriculum Development.
- Bloom, A. (1987). The closing of the American mind. New York: Simon and Schuster.
- Coleman, D., Bolte, J. R., & Franklin, L. (1984), Academic calendar change impact on enrollment pat- terns and instructional oucomes. Research in Higher Education, 20(2), 155-166.
- Denhardt, R. B. (2001). The big question of public administration education. Public Administration Review, 61(5), 526-534.
- Edwards, A. E., & Ringeling, A. R. (2003). Academie en Atelier; Vormgeven aan de praktijkgerichtheid van de bestuurskundeopleiding [Academy and studio: Shaping the practical orientation of public administration education].
- Bestuurskunde, 12(3), 132-141
- Goodlad, J. (1979). Curriculum inquiry: the study of curriculum practice. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Hayes Jacobs, H. (Ed.). (1989). Interdisciplinary curriculum: Design and implementation. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision & Curriculum Development.
- Jansen, E. P. W. A. (1996). Curriculum organization and study progress. (PhD thesis). Groningen, the Netherlands: University of Groningen Press.
- Lynn, L. E. (1996). Public Management as art, science, and profession. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.
- Rainey, H. (1990). Public management: Recent development and current prospects. In N. B. Lynn and A. Wildavsky (Eds.), Public administration: The state of the discipline (pp. 157-184). Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.
- Schmidt, H. G., Cohen-Schotanus, J., & Arends, L. R. (2009). Impact of problem-based, active learn- ing on graduation rates for 10 generations of Dutch medical students. Medical Education, 43, 211-218.
- Schön, D. A. (1984). The architectural studio as an exemplar of education for reflection-in-action. Journal of Architectural Education, 38(1), 2-9.
- Shaffer, D. W. (2004). Pedagogical praxis: The professions as models for postindustrial education. Teachers College Record, 106(7), 1401-1421.
- References Boris, A. C. (2009). Fulbright Scholar Program: Building international connections for U.S. universi- ties. Retrieved from www.cies.org/college\_admin/ Central Statistical Office (CSO), Ministry of Health (MOH), Tropical Diseases Research Centre (TDRC),University of Zambia, and Macro International, Inc. (2009). Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 2007.Calverton, MD: CSO and Macro International Inc. Retrieved from www. zamstats.gov.zm/media/2007_zdhs_final_report.pdf
- Jackson, C. (1996). Fulbright experiences and popular culture. Journal of Popular Culture, 30(1), 39-46.
- Lentz, C. (2010). Evaluating the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through inter- views of people with HIV/AIDS in Zambia. Research Notes. Huntsville, TX: Sam Houston State University (document on file with author).
- Mulenga, P. (2010, March 20). Itezhi tezhi parents marry off daughters in exchange for cattle: practice forces children out of school, exposes them to HIV/AIDS. The (Zambian) Post, p. IX.
- U.S. Department of State. (n.d.) Exchange Program: Program History. Retrieved from http://fulbright. state.gov/history/html.
- Uwe, E. A., Ekur, E. E., & Asuqui, P. N. (2007). African women and vulnerability to HIV/AIDS: Implications for female related cultural practices. International Quarterly of Community Education, 27(1), 87-94.
- Zambia Interfaith Networking Group on HIV/AIDS. (n.d.). Projects. Retrieved from www.zingo.co.zm/ References Baker, W. (2000). Achieving success through social capital: Tapping the hidden resources in your personal and business networks. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
- Baldwin, T. T., Bedell, M. D., & Johnson, J. L. (1997). The social fabric of a team-based MBA Pro- gram: Network effects on student satisfaction and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 40(6), 1369-1397.
- Blau, P. M. (1960). A Theory of social integration. American Journal of Sociology, 65(6), 545-556.
- Bonacich, P. (1987). Power and centrality: A family of measures. American Journal of Sociology, 92, 1170-1182.
- Borgatti, S. P., Everett, M. G., & Freeman, L. C. (2002). UCINET 6 for Windows: Software for social network analysis (Version 6.102). Harvard, MA: Analytic Technologies.
- Burt, R. S. (1992). Structural holes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- de Janasz, S. C., & Forret, M. L. (2007). Learning the art of networking: A critical skill for enhancing social capital and career success. Journal of Management Education, 32, 629-650.
- Feld, S. L. (1981). The focused organization of social ties. American Journal of Sociology, 86(5), 1015-1035.
- Granovetter, M. S. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1360-1380.
- Hummon, N. P., & Doreian, P. (2003). Some dynamics of social balance processes: bringing Heider back into balance theory. Social Networks, 25(1), 17-49.
- Ibarra, H. (1992). Homophily and differential returns: Sex differences in network structure and access in an advertising firm. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37(3), 422-447.
- ---. (1993). Personal networks of women and minorities in management: A conceptual frame- work. Academy of Management Review, 18(1), 56-87.
- McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L., & Cook, J. M. (2001). Birds of a feather: Homophily in social net- works. Annual Review of Sociology, 27(1), 415-444. Journal of Public Affairs Education
- Mollica, K. A., Gray, B., & Trevino, L. K. (2003). Racial Homophily and Its Persistence in Newcomers' Social Networks. Organization Science, 14(2), 123-136.
- Morrison, E. W. (2002). Newcomers' relationships: The role of social network ties during socialization. Academy of Management Journal, 45(6), 1149.
- O'Reilly, C. A., Caldwell, D. F., & Barnett, W. P. (1989). Work Group Demography, Social Integra- tion, and Turnover. Administrative Science Quarterly, 34, 21-37.
- Podolny, J. M., & Baron, J. N. (1997). Resources and relationships: Social networks and mobility in the workplace. American Sociological Review, 62(5), 673-693.
- Snijders, T. A. B. (2001). The statistical evaluation of social network dynamics. In M. E. Sobel & M. P. Becker (Eds.), Sociological Methodology 2001 (pp. 361-395). Boston: Basil Blackwell.
- ---. (2002). The SIENA (Simulation Investigation for Empirical Network Analysis) homepage. Retrieved from http://stat.gamma.rug.nl/siena.html
- ---. (2005). Models for longitudinal network data. In P. J. Carrington, J. Scott, & S. Wasser- man (Eds.), Models and methods in social network analysis (pp. 215-247). New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Snijders, T. A. B., & Duijn, M. A. J. (2002). Conditional maximum likelihood estimation under various specifications of exponential random graph models. In J. Hagberg (Ed.), Contributions to social network analysis, information theory, and other topics in statistics: A Festschrift in honour of Ove Frank. Stockholm: University of Stockholm, Department of Statistics.
- Thomas, S. L. (2000). Ties that bind: A social network approach to understanding student integration and persistence. Journal of Higher Education, 71(5), 591-615.
- Wasserman, S., & Faust, K. (1994). Social network analysis. Cambridge, England: Cambridge Univer- sity Press.
- Adams, A. J., & Hancock, T. (2000). Work experience as a predictor of MBA performance. College Student Journal, 34, 211-216.
- Bowman, J. S. (1988). Admission practices in Master of Public Administration programs: A nationwide study. Public Administration Review, 49, 867-875.
- Breaux, D. A., Clynch, E. J., & Morris, J. C. (2003). The core content of NASPAA-accredited pro- grams: Fundamentally alike or different? Journal of Public Affairs Education, 9, 259-273.
- Gibson, P. A., Leavitt, W. L., Lombard, J. R., & Morris, J. C. (2007). Acknowledging the "profes- sional" in professional degree programs: Waiving the standardized exam for in-service applicants to a MPA program. College Student Journal, 41, 872-885.
- Halberstam, B., & Redstone, F. (2005). The predictive value of admissions materials on objective and subjective measures of graduate school performance in speech-language pathology. Journal of Higher Education Policy & Management, 27, 261-272.
- House, J. D. (1994). Gender differences in prediction of grade performance from Graduate Record Examination scores. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 128, 695-698.
- ---. (1998). Age differences in prediction of student achievement from graduate examination scores. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 156, 257-260.
- House, J. D., & E. J. Keeley. (1995). Differential prediction of adult student performance from Miller Analogies Test scores. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 157, 501-504.
- Ji, C. (1998). Predictive validity of the Graduate Record Examination in education. Psychological Reports, 82, 899-904.
- NASPAA. (2006). General information and standards for professional Master's Degree programs: Section 6.0 admission of students. Washington, DC: National Association for Schools of Public Affairs and Administration. Retrieved from www.naspaa.org/accreditation/seeking/reference/stan- dards.asp
- Oldfield, K., & Hutchinson, J. (1996). Using Graduate Record Examination scores and partial grade point averages to predict academic performance in selected classes at an urban Master of Public Administration program. College Student Journal, 30, 519-524.
- Sampson, C., & Boyer, P. G. (2001). GRE scores as predictors of minority students' success in graduate study: An argument for change. College Student Journal, 35, 271-279.
- Sireci, S. G., & Talento-Miller, E. (2006). Evaluating the predictive validity of Graduate Management Admission Test scores. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66, 305-317.