Carbon Nanotubes and Their Composites: A Review (original) (raw)
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The demand for increased performance in structural materials has drawn attention to the use of fiber materials as a means of reinforcement to provide structural integrity. Carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforced polymer nanocomposites have become the go-to materials due to their superior properties. CNTs possess a strength 10-100 times higher than steel yet are lighter in weight. Additionally, CNTs have a remarkable thermal stability of up to 2800°C in a vacuum, and an electrical conductivity of 103 S/cm. It also has an electric-current-carrying capacity 1000 times higher than other materials and a thermal conductivity of around 1900 W m-1 K-1 , which is almost double that of diamond. This article explores the potential of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) to reinforce structural composite materials, improve sensing, and enhance responsiveness. It also examines its structure and classification as single and multi-walled, its synthesis, including laser ablation methods, arc discharge methods, chemical vapor deposition methods, and spray pyrolysis. Additionally, it discusses the applications, structural benefits, and challenges of composite materials.
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AbstractOwing to their unique mechanical properties, carbon nanotubes are considered to be ideal candidates for polymer reinforcement. However, a large amount of work must be done in order to realize their full potential. Effective processing of nanotubes and polymers to fabricate new ultra-strong composite materials is still a great challenge. This Review explores the progress that has already been made in the area of mechanical reinforcement of polymers using carbon nanotubes. First, the mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes and the system requirements to maximize reinforcement are discussed. Then, main methods described in the literature to produce and process polymer–nanotube composites are considered and analyzed. After that, mechanical properties of various nanotube–polymer composites prepared by different techniques are critically analyzed and compared. Finally, remaining problems, the achievements so far, and the research that needs to be done in the future are discussed.
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Owing to their superior mechanical and physical properties, carbon nanotubes seem to hold a great promise as an ideal reinforcing material for composites of high-strength and low-density. In most of the experimental results up to date, however, only modest improvements in the strength and stiffness have been achieved by incorporating carbon nanotubes in polymers. In the present paper, the stiffening effect of carbon nanotubes is quantitatively investigated by micromechanics methods. Especially, the effects of the extensively observed waviness and agglomeration of carbon nanotubes are examined theoretically. The Mori-Tanaka effective-field method is first employed to calculate the effective elastic moduli of composites with aligned or randomly oriented straight nanotubes. Then, a novel micromechanics model is developed to consider the waviness or curviness effect of nanotubes, which are assumed to have a helical shape. Finally, the influence of nanotube agglomeration on the effective stiffness is analyzed. Analytical expressions are derived for the effective elastic stiffness of carbon nanotube-reinforced composites with the effects of waviness and agglomeration. It is found that these two mechanisms may reduce the stiffening effect of nanotubes significantly. The present study not only provides the relationship between the effective properties and the morphology of carbon nanotubereinforced composites, but also may be useful for improving and tailoring the mechanical properties of nanotube composites.
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An analytical nanomechanics model is developed for predicting the elastic self-consistent properties of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) as composite reinforcement. The molecular structural mechanics is employed to determine the in-plane stiffness and strength of continuous nanotubes in the axial direction of the tube. The effect of tube diameter of the SWCNT on the in-plane stiffness and strength is presented and discussed. The nonlinear stress-strain relationships for defect-free nanotubes have been predicted, which gives an engineering approximation on the ultimate strength and strain to failure of nanotubes. Elastic properties of nanotube composites are further predicted based on a composite micro-mechanics model, using the obtained mechanical properties of nanotubes, volume fraction, and typical polymer matrix properties. Results on the mechanical properties of nanocomposites show that the Young's moduli and strengths of carbon nanotube composites are sensitive to both fiber volume fraction and the tube diameter.
Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience, 2014
This research is aimed at characterizing the elastic properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) reinforced composites using Eshelby-Mori-Tanaka approach based on an equivalent fiber. An embedded carbon nanotube in a polymer matrix and its surrounding interphase is replaced with an equivalent fiber for predicting the mechanical properties of the carbon nanotube/polymer composite. The inter-phase region is treated using van der Waals interactions. The properties of carbon nanotube reinforced (CNTR) composite are affected by its microstructure, especially the degree of CNT aggregation that is described by an aggregation coefficient. It is shown the degree of aggregation can seriously reduce the effective stiffness and frequency parameter.