Revisiting Mughal State (original) (raw)
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Genesis of Muslim Culture and Co-Existence in Mughal Era
Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization
Muslim rule in India (1526-1707) is considered a golden chapter in the history of the culture of this region. Muslims established the Mughal Empire in India which was contemporary to the Safavid Empire in Iran. Massive migration to India occurred due to the wealth and grandeur of the Mughal court. Mughals transformed every sphere of the Indian culture. Their Central Asian background created an aroma in the native culture and with the amalgamation of two; Mughals gave new dimensions to Muslim civilization in India. The cultural aura of Mughals affected every sphere of Indian social life. New ways of dining were introduced. Muslims established new industries of clothing and textile. New forms of beautification were launched. Cultural feasts and festivals were regularly celebrated. Music and dance touched the heights of glory. Royal painting studio laid new styles of Indian painting. This culture gave space to every community to become its part. In the visual arts, the adaptation of local modes to the Mughal cultural environment involved a change of their ethos from religious devotion to secular entertainment. This paper focuses on the reinterpretation of Indian culture under the sway of Mughals. Every historian and scholar spells ink on the political and economic aspects of Indian history in medieval times. However, this work analyzes the cultural and social image of Muslim civilization which was developed under the policy of coexistence. Certain aspects of other cultures were also adopted by Mughal rulers under the policy of "Peace for All."
TOLERANCE AND CO-EXISTENCE IN MUSLIM INDIA: THE RELIGIOUS POLICY OF THE MUGHAL EMPIRE
CenRaPS Journal of Social Sciences, 2020
The Indian peninsula is known for its multi-religious and multicultural identity. India, the birthplace of Hinduism and Indian culture, has accepted many local and foreign religions throughout History. India's meeting with Islam began with Arab merchants at the time of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and was completed with the military expeditions of Persian and Turkish rulers. The most important Muslim Empire in Indian history is the Mughal Empire, founded by Babur, the grandson of Timur. It ruled over many territories in the Indian sub-continent for three centuries. Recognizing Islam as a state religion, this empire has treated indigenous Hindus and the adherents of other religions that constitute the majority of the Indian population with extraordinary tolerance. Generally, these Muslim rulers allowed their citizens to live according to the religions they wanted, even though they destroyed some Hindu temples as a symbol of the authority change. These Muslim rulers even employed them in the governing body of the state. The most prominent example of this can be seen in the period of Akbar Shah of the Mughal Empire. This study examined how the Mughal Empire, which ruled for centuries in the Indian Peninsula, treated the non-Muslim subjects, especially the Hindus and how did they introduce the culture of coexistence , giving more importance for the period of Akbar, the great ruler of the Mughal Empire. Similarly, I will try to compare the millet system of the Ottoman Empire with those of Mughal's religious policy using the comparative method.
ISLAM IN INDIA DURING THE MUGHAL DYNASTY TO THE ERA OF BRITISH RULE
3rd Aicollim UIN Maliki, 2021
During the Middle Ages, Islamic rule was concentrated in three prominent kingdoms, the Ottoman Dynasty in Turkey, the Safavid Dynasty in Persia and the Mughal Dynasty in India. This paper will explore the history of Islam that developed in India in three periods, first from the period before the Mughal Empire came to power, the second when the Mughals ruled India and the third when British imperialism began to dominate India. This research is carried out using the historical writing method (historiography) on literature sources relevant to the theme of the study. The stage of this research is to collect data (heuristics) that support the study of the development of Islam in India from 705 to 1947 AD. The next stage is source criticism by sorting out the data that has authenticity and credibility that are directly related to the research as well as data processing and interpretation to narrate history of Islam in India during these three periods. The results of this study found that Islam developed rapidly in India when the religious conditions of the people competed with each other between Hindus and Buddhists which weakened their influence at that time. When the Mughals came to power, Islam grew by applying Islamic teachings and high values of tolerance even though the Muslim population was still a minority compared to Hindu-Buddhist. When Britain entered India, the condition of Islamic government continued to weaken, including the weak of leadership after the Aurangzeb era, the struggle for power between regional Muslim leaders at the central level and the emergence of separatist movements from Hindu groups in several areas to facilitate the British invasion of India. Keywords: Islam, Dynasty, Mughal.
Mughalkingdom in India According to Hamkas Sejarah Umat Islam
International Journal of Advanced Research, 2021
India is important in the study of Islamic history and civilization research as it was one of the earliest territories that received Islamic preaching and was the site for various Islamic kingdoms until the year 1857. The achievements of Islamic civilization in India, particularly during the Mughal era, added sparkle to the glory of Islamic history. For this reason, the facts relating the Mughal Kingdom in India have been discussed in writings on Islamic history and civilization, including the book, Sejarah Umat Islam, by Hamka. The purpose of this article is to study Hamkas work on the history of the Mughal Kingdom in India and analyse the narration and discussion he submitted. This research adopts a qualitative approach using historial study and content analysis to gather and analyse data. Research results find that Hamka had the interest and knowledge in writing Islamic history by describing Muslim societies and Islamic states from their inception to their end, including the Mugh...
ANNALS OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND PERSPECTIVE, 2020
Religious tolerance means that allow people to live their lives according to their personal beliefs, respect for other’s opinions, positively understand their ideas, given religious freedom. Unfortunately, there is a lot of religious intolerance in the world which causes many chaos and conflicts, especially the image of Islam became negative due to some terrorist activities. But Islam is the greatest revolution in the world which gives rights to everyone to live their life according to their beliefs. In the sub-continent, after the war of independence of 1857, the Hindus and Sikhs were creating great chaos for the Muslims. They made Muslim’s life worst even the Muslims could not live according to their teaching of Islam. So, religious tolerance is compulsory for everyone to live in peace even they are Muslims or not. The research by using the deductive method of research focuses on the policy of religious tolerance of great Mughal emperors that great Mughal emperors from Babur to Au...
Mughal Islamic Regime In India
For the first time in India, Mughal regime succeeded in establishing a single political authority. Akbar the Great, who is conventionally described as the glory of the Mughal Empire, reigned in the last half of the sixteen century from 1556 until 1605. During this period, he succeeded to extend the empire he inherited to Afghanistan in the west, and to the Godavari river in the south. Akbar was assisted by Abul Fazl, the chief advisor who helped him enormously in formulating the wise policies of governing from 1579 until he was murdered du in 1602. Abul Fazl composed “Akbarnama” a masterpiece of the Mughal literature, describing the History of Mughal ancestors and focusing on Akbar’s own reign. Based on Abul Fazl’s composition Akbarnama, we will discuss in this paper how the Great Mughals were dealing with the West or with “Faringis” as the Mughals called them.
A History of India, Vol. I: From the First Human Settlements to the Mughal Empire
A History of India, Vol. I: From the First Human Settlements to the Mughal Empire, 2024
This is the first of a three-volume history of India, characterized by three main arguments: (a) Indian history has been crucially conditioned by the connections linking the Indian subcontinent to the remainder of the world; (b) Indian society was never static, but always crisscrossed by powerful currents of change; (c) colonialism caused both the crystallization of a ‘traditional’ society – which, in that shape, had never really existed before – and, at the same time, the rise of modernity. This volume examines the history of India from the first human settlements in the subcontinent up to the death of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1717. The political, military, economic and social developments are analysed against the backdrop represented by the rise, decline, fall and renaissance of flourishing urban civilizations. While the economy remained mainly agrarian, long-distance trade and pre-modern, but quite sophisticated, manufacturing and service activities rose, declined and rose again. This caused the parallel rise, decline and resurgence of intermediate social strata, later resulting in the formation of a modern bourgeoisie. While the existing religious and cultural strands are analysed, a particular emphasis is placed on the relations between the two main religious traditions, Hinduism and Islam. This volume demonstrates that, despite exceptions, an essentially harmonious coexistence, which often extended to cooperation. This coexistence came into being as a result of both Realpolitik and the presence, within both Hinduism and Islam, of surprisingly similar mystical movements extremely influential both at the mass level and at the level of the ruling classes.
Mughal Kingship and Ideas of Religiosity: Collaboration, Compromise, and Cooperation
The focus of this paper would be on how Mughal kingship was based on ideas derived from religion. The scope of the paper would be limited to the reign of Akbar from 1556-1605 CE. Furthermore, the political theory as constructed by Abu’l Fazl would be considered to look at how religious notions shaped kingship. Akbar’s policy of religious tolerance based on principles of sulh-i kul or ‘Absolute peace’ and the imperial discipleship based on din-i ilahi or ‘Divine faith’ makes his reign more interesting as one sees the commix of existing notions and origin of newer ideas of symbolism and imperial authority making the empire robust for the coming centuries.