Effects of carbon nanomaterials fullerene C60 and fullerol C60(OH)18–22 on gills of fish Cyprinus carpio (Cyprinidae) exposed to ultraviolet radiation (original) (raw)
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Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2012
Studies concerning the impact of nanomaterials, especially fullerene (C 60 ), in fresh water environments and their effects on the physiology of aquatic organisms are still scarce and conflicting. We aimed to assess in vitro effects of fullerene in brain and gill homogenates of carp Cyprinus carpio, evaluating redox parameters. A fullerene suspension was prepared by continued stirring under fluorescent light during two months. The suspension concentration was measured by total carbon content and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy nephelometry. Characterization of C 60 aggregates was performed with an enhanced dark-field microscopy system and transmission electronic microscopy. Organ homogenates were exposed during 1, 2, and 4 h under fluorescent light. Redox parameters evaluated were reduced glutathione and oxidized glutathione, cysteine and cystine, total antioxidant capacity; activity of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione S-transferase and glutathione reductase (GR), and lipid peroxidation (TBARS assay). Fullerene induced a significant increase ( p < 0.05) in lipid peroxidation after 2 h in both organs and reduced GR activity after 1 h (gills) and 4 h (brain) and antioxidant capacity after 4 h (brain). Levels of oxidized glutathione increased in the brain at 1 h and decreased at 2 h as well. Given these results, it can be concluded that C 60 can induce redox disruption via thiol/disulfide pathway, leading to oxidative damage (higher TBARS values) and loss of antioxidant competence. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:961-967. # 2012 SETAC
Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2014
One of the most widely used carbon nanomaterials is fullerene (C 60), a lipophilic organic compound that potentially can behave as a carrier of toxic molecules, enhancing the entry of environmental contaminants in specific organs. Microcystins (MC) are cyanotoxins very toxic for human and environmental health. Several studies showed that exposure to MC or C 60 generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and changes in antioxidant levels. Also, another factor that can come to enhance the toxic potential of both MC and C 60 is UVA radiation. Therefore, it was evaluated the effects on oxidative stress parameters of ex vivo coexposure of MC and C 60 (5 mg/l) in gills of the fish Cyprinus carpio under UVA radiation incidence. The results showed that (a) there was a loss of antioxidant capacity after low MC concentration (L, 50 μg/l) + C 60 co-exposure under UVA, (b) C 60 under UVA decreased glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity, (c) high MC concentration (H, 200 μg/l) + C 60 co-exposure decreased the concentrations of glutathione (GSH) under UVA or in the dark, (d) L under UVA increased lipid peroxidation, and (e) C 60 did not cause a higher bioaccumulation of MC in gills. The lowering of GSH in H + C 60 co-exposure should compromise MC detoxification mediated by GST, although toxin accumulation is not influenced by C 60 .
Oxidative damage induced by the fullerene C 60 on photosensitization in rat liver microsomes
Chemico-biological Interactions, 1998
We have examined the ability of a commonly used fullerene, C60, to induce oxidative damage on photosensitization using rat liver microsomes as model membranes. When C60 was incorporated into rat liver microsomes in the form of its cyclodextrin complex and exposed to UV or visible light, it induced significant oxidative damage in terms of (1) lipid peroxidation as assayed by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), lipid hydroperoxides and conjugated dienes, and (2) damage to proteins as assessed by protein carbonyls and loss of the membrane-bound enzymes. The oxidative damage induced was both time- and concentration-dependent. C60 plus light-induced lipid peroxidation was significantly inhibited by the quenchers of singlet oxygen (1O2), β-carotene and sodium azide, and deuteration of the buffer-enhanced peroxidation. These observations indicate that C60 is an efficient inducer of peroxidation and is predominantly due to 1O2. Biological antioxidants such as glutathione, ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol significantly differ in their ability to inhibit peroxidation induced by C60. Our studies, hence, indicate that C60, on photosensitization, can induce significant lipid peroxidation and other forms of oxidative damage in biological membranes and that this phenomenon can be greatly modulated by endogenous antioxidants and scavengers of reactive oxygen species.
Toxicology, 2000
Fullerenes have attracted considerable attention in recent years due to their unique chemical structure and potential applications. Hence it is of interest to study their biological effects. Using rat liver microsomes as model systems we have examined the ability of the most commonly used fullerene, C60 and its water-soluble derivative, C60(OH)18 to induce membrane damage on photosensitization. For photoexcitation, UV or tungsten lamps were used. Damage was assessed as lipid peroxidation products like conjugated dienes, lipid hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), protein oxidation in the form of protein carbonyls, besides loss of membrane bound enzymes. Both fullerene derivatives induced significant oxidative damage. The alterations induced were both time- and concentration-dependent. Role of different reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the damage induced was examined by various scavengers of ROS and by deuteration of the buffer. The changes induced by C60 were predominantly due to 1O2 while that by C60(OH)18 was mainly due to radical species. Biological antioxidants such as glutathione, ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol were capable of inhibiting membrane damage induced by both the fullerenes. However, the damage induced by C60(OH)18 was more for both lipids and proteins than that showed by C60. C60 also showed enhancement in the formation of lipid peroxidation in sarcoma 180 ascites microsomes. In conclusion, our studies indicate that fullerene/its derivative can generate ROS on photoexcitation and can induce significant lipid peroxidation/protein oxidation in membranes and these phenomena can be prevented by endogenous/natural antioxidants.
Antiaflatoxigenic effect of fullerene C60 nanoparticles at environmentally plausible concentrations
AMB Express
Increased interest in fullerene C 60 and derivatives in recent years implies an intensification of their environmental spread. Yet, the potential risks for living organisms are largely unknown, including the interaction of C 60 with fungal organisms. This may be especially relevant for mycotoxigenic fungi since C 60 may both scavenge and produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), and oxidative stress induces mycotoxin production in fungi. Therefore, this study examined effects of environmentally plausible concentrations of C 60 (0, 10, 50, and 100 ng/mL) on Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxin production in culture media. In addition, ROS-dependent oxidative stress biomarkers-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), reduced and oxidised glutathione ratio, superoxide dismutase isoenzymes, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase were determined in mycelia. Nanoparticles of fullerene C 60 (nC 60) did not exhibit strong antifungal activity against A. flavus. At the same time, nC 60 caused an antiaflatoxigenic effect at 10-100 ng/mL, and 50 ng/mL unexpectedly enhanced aflatoxin production. The TBARS content, reduced and oxidised glutathione ratio, and copper, zinc superoxide dismutase activity suggest that 10 ng/mL nC 60 exerted antioxidative action and reduced aflatoxin B1 production within fungal cells. Detected prooxidative effects of 50 ng/ mL fullerene exceeded cellular defenses and consequently enhanced aflatoxin B1 production. Finally, the results obtained with 100 ng/mL nC 60 point to prooxidative effects, but the absence of increase in aflatoxin output may indicate additional, presumably cytotoxic effects of nC 60. Thus, a range of rather low levels of nC 60 in the environment has a potential to modify aflatoxin production in A. flavus. Due to possible implications, further studies should test these results in environmental conditions.
BioMed Research International, 2013
Even though technologies involving nano/microparticles have great potential, it is crucial to determine possible toxicity of these technological products before extensive use. Fullerenes C60are nanomaterials with unique physicochemical and biological properties that are important for the development of many technological applications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the consequences of nonphotoexcited fullerene C60exposure in brain acetylcholinesterase expression and activity, antioxidant responses, and oxidative damage using adult zebrafish as an animal model. None of the doses tested (7.5, 15, and 30 mg/kg) altered AChE activity, antioxidant responses, and oxidative damage when zebrafish were exposed to nonphotoexcited C60nano/microparticles during 6 and 12 hours. However, adult zebrafish exposed to the 30 mg/kg dose for 24 hours have shown enhanced AChE activity and augmented lipid peroxidation (TBARS assays) in brain. In addition, the up-regulation of brain AChE activity w...
BioMed Research International, 2013
Even though technologies involving nano/microparticles have great potential, it is crucial to determine possible toxicity of these technological products before extensive use. Fullerenes C60are nanomaterials with unique physicochemical and biological properties that are important for the development of many technological applications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the consequences of nonphotoexcited fullerene C60exposure in brain acetylcholinesterase expression and activity, antioxidant responses, and oxidative damage using adult zebrafish as an animal model. None of the doses tested (7.5, 15, and 30 mg/kg) altered AChE activity, antioxidant responses, and oxidative damage when zebrafish were exposed to nonphotoexcited C60nano/microparticles during 6 and 12 hours. However, adult zebrafish exposed to the 30 mg/kg dose for 24 hours have shown enhanced AChE activity and augmented lipid peroxidation (TBARS assays) in brain. In addition, the up-regulation of brain AChE activity w...
Fullerene C60 exposure elicits an oxidative stress response in embryonic zebrafish
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 2008
Due to its unique physicochemical and optical properties, C60 has raised interest in commercialization for a variety of products. While several reports have determined this nanomaterial to act as a powerful antioxidant, many other studies have demonstrated a strong oxidative potential through photoactivation. To directly address the oxidative potential of C60, the effects of light and chemical supplementation and depletion of glutathione (GSH) on C60-induced toxicity were evaluated. Embryonic zebrafish were used as a model organism to examine the potential of C60 to elicit oxidative stress responses. Reduced light during C60 exposure significantly decreased mortality and the incidence of fin malformations and pericardial edema at 200 and 300 ppb C60. Embryos co-exposed to the glutathione precursor, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), also showed reduced mortality and pericardial edema; however, fin malformations were not reduced. Conversely, co-exposure to the GSH synthesis inhibitors, buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) and diethyl maleate (DEM), increased the sensitivity of zebrafish to C60 exposure. Co-exposure of C60 or its hydroxylated derivative, C60(OH)(24), with H2O2 resulted in increased mortality along the concentration gradient of H2O2 for both materials. Microarrays were used to examine the effects of C60 on the global gene expression at two time points, 36 and 48 h post fertilization (hpf). At both life stages there were alterations in the expression of several key stress response genes including glutathione-S-transferase, glutamate cysteine ligase, ferritin, alpha-tocopherol transport protein and heat shock protein 70. These results support the hypothesis that C60 induces oxidative stress in this model system.
Environmental Science & Technology, 2009
This study aimed to clarify whether fullerene C 60 nanoparticles induced lipid peroxidation in Cyprinus carpio brains. A stable well-characterized aqueous suspension of C 60 nanoparticle (diameter: 50th and 95th percentiles, 36 and 95 nm respectively) with 0.1% Tween80 solution was prepared by bead milling. Lipid hydroperoxides (LPO) were measured in vitro in homogenized fish brain tissues containing 33 µg/mg-protein dispersed C 60 nanoparticles under light and dark conditions to verify the lipid peroxidation ability of C 60 and the interference of light exposure by using a commercial assay kit. The LPO concentration significantly increased under the light condition but not under the dark condition. This suggests that C 60 has the lipid peroxidation ability under light condition, and the light exposure that occurs during the dissection and preparation of fish brain samples containing C 60 for the LPO assay interferes with the measurements of the in vivo LPO levels. Therefore, dissection and assay in the in vivo experiment were conducted under a yellow lamp or dark condition to avoid the interference of light. Moreover, the result of the in vitro test suggests that the LPO assay with irradiation might be a good method for detecting C 60 in brain tissues. In the in vivo experiment, C. carpio was exposed to 4.5 mg/L nano C 60 suspension for 48 h, following which the brain LPO concentration was measured. In the in vivo experiment, no fish died or exhibited abnormal symptoms during exposure. LPO assay of the C. carpio brain samples confirmed the absence of lipid peroxidation after exposure to 4.5 mg/L aqueous C 60 nanoparticle suspension for 48 h. Additional LPO assay under irradiation showed that C 60 did not reach the brain.