Paradiplomacy in a Foreign Country and The Relationship (original) (raw)
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Goals, Capabilities, and Instruments of Paradiplomacy by Subnational Jurisdictions
This paper defines paradiplomacy as ‘a political entity’s extra-jurisdictional activating targeting foreign political entities’. Because paradiplomacy is specifically an example of political interaction between unequal partners, taking place outside of the internationally accepted political sphere, it is by nature a contested practice. This paper argues that subnational jurisdictions and sovereign states have inherently differing policy objectives and that paradiplomacy is best capable of achieving policy objectives when it manages to either slip beneath the political radar of sovereign states or acquire the de facto concession of sovereign states. For this reason, the more sophisticated paradiplomatic tools (such as pseudo-embassies) are not necessarily more effective in achieving policy objectives than are less sophisticated tools (such as participation in international networks). Successful paradiplomatic practice requires a balance of developing political structures and of pursuing concrete policy objectives. The aims of subnational jurisdictions seeking greater autonomy or independence could be furthered through the construction of stronger networks of like-minded subnational jurisdictions in Europe and internationally.
0 # The Author(s) International Relations of the
The scholarly literature on paradiplomacy has tended to focus overly on subnational governments in federal systems rather than those in unitary and centralized countries. However, it is important to note that some subnational governments in these countries have been increasingly proactive in international relations (IR). This study explores the paradiplomatic activities of Yunnan, a province in the south of China which, since the early 1990s, has actively engaged in cross-border cooperation. Combining the concept of paradiplomacy with the theory of actorness, this study first argues that Yunnan has been incentivized to conduct paradiplomacy through the decision of Beijing to open China's borders; the inefficiency of the central government in managing border-related issues; and the interprovincial competition over economic and diplomatic clouts in the Mekong subregion. Second, this study argues that
Paradiplomacy and The Future of Cooperation Between Regions
Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Public Management 2014, 2014
As the roles of a state as an international actor lessens, cooperation between individuals or groups from several countries or across regions gets stronger. The understanding of one-door policy these days doesn"t necessarily translate to a policy that is controlled by a diplomatic legal institution. The desire to cooperate without the involvement of a complicated bureaucracy makes regional institutions create cooperation between regions in different areas, these spirits are then came to be known as Paradiplomacy.Regionalism that continues to emerge after the birth of European Union or countries that agreed to unite in one Europe area makes other regions have a strong desire to copy this idea. The success of Europe have inspired Southeast Asian countries that are members of ASEAN to create ASEAN Community that will be implemented in the upcoming year of 2015.The strong utopianism towards regionalism actually creates an emerging question about the role and existence of state, or even in a more sarcastic tone, is there still a need for a state. Region or province that are within the territory of a state saw this as a chance to bring prosperity to their own area. The most commonly heard example is cooperation between cities across states, known as sister city. Sister city is not the only example that can be put forward as a future of relation between regions, as there are still a lot of examples or cases that can be brought up as an improvement in cooperation between regions that crosses the borders of countries of areas.The battle between idealism and regulism that happens in every states actually brings a new dynamic and breakthrough in the world of international relations, this idea enriches the discourse of international analyst in preparing their own areas. These are an inseparable part in an attempt to exceed the boundaries of law of each countries that became the general definition of international relations.
2018
This article focuses on paradiplomacy, the concept used to indicate the increasing activities and practices of regional government in international cooperation. This research shows that increasing international cooperation by regional government with its decentralization and regional autonomy are realized in various types and forms; it is even more responsive to changes influenced by global issues. International cooperation was initially done in what is called “intervention government”, but then it is done by regional government involving the community independently
Paradiplomacy and its Impact on EU Foreign Policy
Journal of Contemporary European Research, 2022
Cities and regions play an increasingly vital role in international relations, even co-shaping their countries' foreign policy. This phenomenon, usually called 'paradiplomacy', means that cities and regions develop links with foreign actors, both state and non-state. In this way, they contribute to the 'pluralisation' of diplomacy and are changing the shape of contemporary relations on the global stage. This process is also happening with regard to the international activities undertaken by the European Union (EU); yet the paradiplomacy trend is also only partially realised at the EU level. In this context, this article aims to conceptualise the impact that the paradiplomacy of European sub-state actors has on EU foreign policy. So far, it has not been adequately recognised in the academic literature as a potential factor influencing EU foreign affairs. In addition, the article analyses how cities and regions can influence the development of EU foreign policy and how the Union can use this potential for international activity on the part of local actors. The article has two parts. In the first part, we present three ways cities and regions can influence EU foreign policy. By giving specific examples, we show that cities and regions are already using their authority to: i) lobby and create networking communities, ii) use formal powers, and iii) apply direct actions. In the second part, we set out the opportunities and challenges that arise from the paradiplomatic activities of sub-state actors. To elucidate the issues, we consider the case of contemporary relations between the EU and China, which are becoming more intense at local government level but which are not used by Brussels to pursue EU interests.
Paradiplomacy and Indonesian Public Diplomacy
2018
This article assumes the activities undertaken by paradiplomacy can be one way to support public diplomacy. Paradiplomacy is an extension of the authority of loval governments in the form of international relations activities. Actually, local governments have the authority in administration and governance at the provincial or district level in order to improve the welfare of local communities. Therefore, the cooperation undertaken is limited to cooperation between regions within the context of the state. The existence of globalization and democracy affect the pattern of international interaction that is no longer solely oriented to the state, but also the participation of non-state actors. In the context of public diplomacy, the central role government began to shift and be replaced by nonstate actors as agents. The relations established by non-state actors in the form of regions with counterpart can improve the network of economic, social, cultural and educational cooperation. Incr...
The Rise of Paradiplomacy in International Relations
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In 2019 we commemorated the centenary of what is considered the beginning of international relations as a discipline. The study of foreign affairs had to overcome numerous barriers, both methodological and doctrinal, to be recognized as a field of study. Since then, different theoretical debates have diversified the approaches and expanded the analytical points of view. However, the consideration of the international actor as equivalent to the subject of international law has been a constant (Alvarez, et al., 2019). In this understanding, only states, international organizations and certain exceptions fit within the analysis of international relations. When this was disputed, during the debate on transnationalism, a group of international scholars advocated for the incorporation of transnational corporations and the various state powers (such as ministries or secretariats of state) into the study of foreign affairs, but the sub-state component was not considered (see Russell (2006))...